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Thomas Young (search for this): chapter 16
us shale was discovered and patented by James Young about 1850. That employed in the works of Mr. Young at Bathgate and Addiewell, Scotland, is briefly as follows: The shale is broken small in a crumy Epiphanes. The inscription is in hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek. It was deciphered by Dr. Young, and formed the key to the reading of the hieroglyphic characters. It was captured by the Eat first employing persons to count the oscillations, but soon effected it by machinery. Dr. Thomas Young in his lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanic Arts, 1807, Vol. I. p. 19, ascribeshio and West Virginia it was well known, but was considered worthless or a nuisance. The use of Young's coal-oil led to the belief that the natural oil might have a value, and about 1857 efforts werbeen the first to produce a photograph, in the artistic and technical sense of the word. Dr. Thomas Young, the originator of the undulatory theory of light, published in 1804 some important researc
T. Yates (search for this): chapter 16
ty1852 Berard1867 Harrison1854 Bloomhall1872 Bennett1864 Heatley1873 Gove1858 Dormoy1869 Riley1873 Danes1873 Sellers1873 Wood1870 Heatley1869 Revolving Puddlers. BeadlestoneDec. 9, 1857 HeatonAug. 13, 1867 AllenApr. 14, 1868 YatesFeb. 23, 1869 DanksNov. 24, 1868 DanksOct. 20, 1869 YatesFeb. 23, 1869 See also patents to Boynton, Allen, Jenkins, Smith, 1871; Jackson, Goodrich, Richardson, et al., Davies, Post, 1872; Jones, Danks, 1873. Pud′dle-rolls. The first, YatesFeb. 23, 1869 See also patents to Boynton, Allen, Jenkins, Smith, 1871; Jackson, Goodrich, Richardson, et al., Davies, Post, 1872; Jones, Danks, 1873. Pud′dle-rolls. The first, or roughing, rolls of a rolling-mill. Invented by Henry Cort, England, and patented in 1783. The loop, or ball of puddled iron, after a preliminary forging, is drawn out by passing through the puddle-rolls, instead of being extended under the hammer. It is then a rough bar. The rolls which bring the iron to definite merchantable shape are known as the merchant train. The process of drawing the loops in grooved rolls was suggested in Payne's patent (England, 1728), but does not seem t
Xerxes (search for this): chapter 16
sed to close a sluiceway or entrance to a dock. It works in grooves in the dock walls, and acts as a lock-gate. See Plate XIX. page 884. Pon-ton′--bridge. （Military Engineering.) A temporary military bridge supported on flat-bottomed boats or floats, termed pontons. The use of boats or floats for supporting temporary bridges is of great antiquity. Darius Hytaspes and his army crossed the Bosphorus on a bridge of this kind in order to invade Greece 493 B. C., and his successor Xerxes constructed one across the Hellespont, 480 B. C., for the same purpose, of which we have a description in Herodotus. Its length was 500 paces. Ships were used as pontons; suspension-cords of flax and biblos united them; transverse beams were laid on the ropes, planks on the beams, soil on the planks, and the armies crossed thereon. Cyrus, according to Xenophon, threw over the Meander a bridge supported on seven boats. Pompey crossed the Euphrates by a boat-bridge during the Mithridatic
Xenophon (search for this): chapter 16
Coptic32German26 Greek24Welch4 Latin25Russian35 Sanscrit328 The letter J was introduced into the alphabets by Giles Beye, a printer of Paris, 1660. Short-hand writing was known to the Greeks and Romans. Its invention was ascribed to Xenophon. It was introduced into Rome by Cicero. Pliny employed a short-hand amanuensis. The Chinese dictionary shows 43,496 words: of these 13,000 are irrelevant, and consist of signs which are ill-formed and obsolete. For ordinary use 4,000 signsus. Its length was 500 paces. Ships were used as pontons; suspension-cords of flax and biblos united them; transverse beams were laid on the ropes, planks on the beams, soil on the planks, and the armies crossed thereon. Cyrus, according to Xenophon, threw over the Meander a bridge supported on seven boats. Pompey crossed the Euphrates by a boat-bridge during the Mithridatic war. Portable bridges were designed by the Marquis of Worcester, 1655; Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1520; Bourne, 1578
Henry Wyck (search for this): chapter 16
（1377-85). Ebn Junis, of the University of Cordova, invented the timemeasuring pendulum, and his friend and fellow-philosopher, Gerbert, invented the escapement, as it is believed. Gerbert became, successively, schoolmaster at Rheims (where he had a clock), Archbishop of Ravenna, and Pope Sylvester II. He died by poison in 1002. So did his patron, Otho III., about the same time. An oscillating arm was substituted for the fly, probably in the fourteenth century. The clock of Henry de Wyck, erected in 1364, for Charles V. of France, was regulated by an alternating balance (a, Fig. 3628) which was formed by suspending two heavy weights from a horizontal bar fixed at right angles to an upright arbor, and the movement was accelerated or retarded by diminishing or increasing the distance of the weights from the arbor. The clocks erected at Strasburg, 1370, Courtray, 1370, and Spire, 1395, were probably of this character, as were also the astronomical clocks of Tycho Brahe a
Wurdemann (search for this): chapter 16
n pointed to the same objects in turn from the new station, and the lines of direction marked on another sheet of paper. The two triangulations being placed on a plotting-table at the proper distance between stations, on the required scale, the lines of direction from each station are prolonged, and their intersections give the angles, as in figure b, which is supposed to be a fort whose angles are all distinguishable objects, and whose sides are straight lines between the said angles. Wurdemann's plane-table is a geodetical instrument consisting of two main parts: (1.) The motion works on a tripod, including leveling-screws and a horizontal movement, with clamp and tangent, above which is fastened down the drawing-board, which receives the paper. (2.) On this is placed the alidade, consisting of a broad metallic ruler with level, an upright column, near the middle, carrying above a telescope on a horizontal axis, so as to have a vertical movement of about 30° each way from the ho
Edward Wright (search for this): chapter 16
aking caps display great ingenuity. In Boughton's they are stamped from strips of copper previously cut to proper widths, and then charged with the composition. Wright's machine cuts the blanks from the sheet, forms, and charges them with fulminate at one continuous operation. The varnish is applied by a very simple device to aaking them was much improved about 1560. Catherine Howard, queen of Henry VIII., it is said, used brass pins brought from France. Before the introduction of Wright's pin-making machine, 1824, the following was the process: Brass wire was straightened by drawing it between pins set in zigzag order on a bench, and was then cuthand in the papers. Of late years iron wire has been largely substituted for brass in the pin manufacture, making a cheaper though less enduring article. In Wright's patent, the main shaft of the machine gives motion in its rotation to a number of sliders, levers, and wheels, which work the different parts of the apparatus.
Christopher Wren (search for this): chapter 16
imilarly transferred to the paper. The observations are taken through an eye-piece, which may be approached to or receded from the frame, according to the scale of the drawing required. Ronalds's perspective-machine, patented in England, has an eye-piece and an arrangement by which a bead traversing in the plane of delineations is made to confer a corresponding motion upon a pencil. A perspective-instrument for drawing the outlines of any object in perspective was invented by Dr. Christopher Wren, about 1669, and is described in the Abridgment of Phil. Trans., Vol. I. p. 325. Per-spec′to-graph. An instrument for the mechanical drawing of objects in perspective. The object is placed in front of the eye, which is applied to a small hole. A movable hinged bar is so adjusted as to bring a point between the eye and a certain part of the object. The bar is then folded down and the mark transferred to the paper. A series of such marks afford data for the drawing of the obj
Wortley (search for this): chapter 16
velop the plate where the landscape is taken. Accordingly, a number of preservative and dry-plate processes have been invented. In the first class, the endeavor was to cover the wet collodion with some deliquescent substance, such as nitrate of magnesia, glycerine, etc. Such processes are troublesome and unsatisfactory, and in their turn gave way to dry-plate photography. A great many inventors have devoted much labor to this department of photography. Fothergill, Taupenot, Russell, and Wortley have all produced valuable processes, but the details are too technical and elaborate for introduction here. No dry process gives results fully equal in quality to the work from wet plates, but they offer other advantages which cannot be ignored. As substantially different methods, by which both negatives and positives can be made, the collodio-bromide process by B. J. Sayce, September, 1864, and the collodio-chloride process by G Wharton Simpson, about the same time, deserve mention.
Robert Wornum (search for this): chapter 16
ure, and continued long in favor. Still, however, its great hight (6 feet) and length of action were unfavorable to delicacy and ease of touch. About 1812, Mr. Robert Wornum introduced an upright piano-forte, the hight of which was from 4 to 5 feet; this was the harmonic, a name afterward changed to cottage. In 1827, its hight waugh the perforated bridge, so that the upward blow of the hammer tended to force it against its seat in the bridge, instead of lifting it therefrom, as before. Wornum, in 1819, reduced the strings to a uniform size and tension, wrapping those of the lower notes with wire to produce a lower tone. This system, though possessinpon hammer-lever and hopper-lever; l, check; m m, leaden balanceweights; n, damper; o, hammer; p, hopper-rail. In addition to these may be cited two actions of Wornum's, designed for upright pianos; the first, H, known as the unique, and the second, I, as the double or piccolo action. In the first, a is the key; b, hopper; c,
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