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Missionary Ridge, Tenn. (Tennessee, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
nfederate cause; yet it substantially ended the campaign of 1863, and left the Federal army farther from Richmond than it was at its opening. Lee recrossed the Potomac at leisure and without serious molestation, and none but minor operations intervened until the spring of 1864. We now approach that last and matchless campaign in which the consummate flower of Lee's soldiership burst into its fullest bloom, and witched the world with its beauty. The grim hero of Vicksburg and of Missionary Ridge, a man of inflexible will and desperate tenacity, who measured his own resources and those of his adversary with merciless precision, stepped to the head of the Army of the Potomac. That army was now swollen to an enormous host of one hundred and forty-one thousand men, while his home Government, weary of failure and desperately in earnest, gave him the assurance of reinforcement whenever required. Lee confronted him with sixty-four thousand men, precious men, the death or capture
Richmond (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
be sustained, and in view of the enormous forces which could have been concentrated by the enemy, this would have been impossible. Yet conceive the difficulty of avoiding such a siege, when you reflect that by the undisputed possession of the James and York rivers. and with the aid of their powerful flotillas of transport ships and gunboats, the enemy was able, at any time, without the possibility of opposition by us, to land an army within a day's march of our capital, and to support it t of the powerful gunboats, which alone saved it from destruction. It is a cold, historic fact that after deducting losses of the battles and stragglers, Lee with sixty-two thousand men pursued McClellan with ninety thousand to the banks of the James; yet so had the handling of the Confederate force multiplied its numbers in the imagination of McClellan, that his dispatches informed his Government that he had been overwhelmed by an enemy not less than two hundred thousand strong! Richmond
Chesapeake Bay (United States) (search for this): chapter 3
so that, in the words of a philosophic commentator on the campaigns, it abandoned one, only to find another and a safer at the end of every march. At Culpeper Courthouse, the Orange and Alexandria railroad was its line. When it abandoned that, its halts at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Courthouse opened up a new line via Acquia Creek. As it advanced to the Annas, the Rappahannock at Port Royal furnished another efficient water line. When it reached the Pamunkey, the York river and Chesapeake Bay gave it one still more efficient; and finally, when its last march brought it to the James, that great river formed a perfectly safe avenue to Washington. When these facts are considered, in connection with the enormous disparity of numbers and resources now demonstrated beyond the possibility of question by the historical records of the two armies, Lee's successful defense of Richmond for three years must take its place in history as one of the grandest military achievements of ancie
Massachusetts (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
n advanced at the time when the question arose, it is doubtful if that theory would ever have attained the acceptation which it received. What is that explanation, so apparent and conclusive, and yet, so far as I am aware, first advanced after the war by that great publicist, Albert Taylor Bledsoe? It is this: The original draft of the Constitution, instead of using in its preamble the words We, the people of the United States, used the words We, the people of the States of Virginia, Massachusetts, etc., specifying each State by name as parties to the compact. So matters stood until the language of the Constitution was submitted to the revision of a committee on style. That committee discovered that under the provisions relative to the mode of ratification which directed that the accession of any nine States should carry the Constitution into effect, the naming of all or any of the States in the preamble was impracticable, because it might well be that all the States would not r
England (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 3
ely construed. By the bloody Caesarian operation of the war, the right of secession has indisputably been eviscerated from the fundamental law. Blistered be the slanderous tongue, and cankered the coward heart, which would pervert what I am about to say into an attempt to revive dead issues or reopen settled controversies. The constitutional dispute between the States as to the right of secession is, to day, as purely a historical question as the questions between the colonies and Great Britain about the rightfulness of the Stamp Act and of taxation without representation. As such I feel myself charged with the solemn duty of discussing it, to the end that I may aid in distributing and perpetuating for the benefit of this and coming generations, a knowledge of the grave and substantial grounds upon which their forefathers believed, when they stood ia the imminent, deadly breach, in defence of the States, of which they were citizens, that they were acting in their right, in obe
York (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
, and in view of the enormous forces which could have been concentrated by the enemy, this would have been impossible. Yet conceive the difficulty of avoiding such a siege, when you reflect that by the undisputed possession of the James and York rivers. and with the aid of their powerful flotillas of transport ships and gunboats, the enemy was able, at any time, without the possibility of opposition by us, to land an army within a day's march of our capital, and to support it there by deep andoned that, its halts at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Courthouse opened up a new line via Acquia Creek. As it advanced to the Annas, the Rappahannock at Port Royal furnished another efficient water line. When it reached the Pamunkey, the York river and Chesapeake Bay gave it one still more efficient; and finally, when its last march brought it to the James, that great river formed a perfectly safe avenue to Washington. When these facts are considered, in connection with the enormous di
Waterloo, Va. (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
y turned to the new lives which opened before them. Success is not always the test of soldiership. Hannibal ended his career as a soldier in the overwhelming defeat of Zama, and died a fugitive in a foreign land. Charless XII of Sweden, that meteor of war, defeated at Pultowa, sought safety in exile, and on returning to his native land, met death in a vain attempt to restore his fallen fortunes. Napoleon died, a prisoner and an exile, after his complete overthrow on the field of Waterloo, where he encountered odds less than those which were opposed to Lee in any battle which he ever fought. Considering the importance of his operations, the large forces engaged, the immense superiority of his adversaries in numbers and resources, the skillful commanders whom he successfully vanquished the number of his victories, the brilliancy and successful audacity of his strategy and tactical manoeuvres, and the magnificent tenacity which yielded, at last, to destruction rather than
South Carolina (South Carolina, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
e to the level of the highest tasks imposed upon it, solved all the problems of life, whether great or small, as they presented themselves, with infallible judgment lifted him to the summit of the profession of his choice and by the evenness, roundness and fullness of its development, left no doubt that, in any other sphere of human activity, it would have enabled him to achieve equal eminence. Bountiful nature had endowed him with exceptional gifts of physical beauty. The eye of the South Carolina poet, Hayne, once rested upon him in the first year of the war, when he was already on the hither verge of middle age, as he stood in the fortifications of Charleston, surrounded by officers, and he has left the following pen picture of him: In the middle of the group, topping the tallest by half a head, was, perhaps, the most striking figure we had ever encountered, the figure of a man seemingly about fifty-six or fifty-eight years of age, erect as a poplar, yet lithe and graceful, with
Arlington (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
n in the same county with Washington, and thus bound to his memory by the ties of hereditary friendship, fate seems to have determined that this illustrious exemplar should rain influence upon Lee from every source. It gave him to wife Mary Randolph Custis, daughter of the adopted son of Washington, the nearest representative of his house, and a woman whose exalted virtues were derived by lineal inheritance from the wife of Washington. This marriage transferred his residence to beautiful Arlington, the repository of the Washington relics, where he lived surrounded by objects so freighted with the dearest memories and associations of the hero's life, that the very atmosphere of the place seemed instinct with the brooding influence of his spirit. From his very infancy Lee seems to have been enamored of virtue. In writing of him at an early age, his father says: Robert, who was always good, will be confirmed in his happy turn of mind by his ever watchful and affectionate mother.
Missouri (Missouri, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
ilroad connections with the South sufficient for transportation of necessary supplies. The position of the Federal capital on the banks of the Potomac, and the exposure of the southern border of the United States along the line of Maryland and Pennsylvania, made it of transcendent importance that the country intervening between Richmond and Washington should be made and kept, as far as possible, the theatre of the war. The retirement of the Confederate forces from Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri, thus practically relieving the Southern border of the United States from menace in that direction, had removed a great source of alarm to them, and had liberated for operations at other points the vast forces which would have been required for the defence of that line. Had we been forced to retire from Virginia also, besides the immense moral and material loss, the removal of the seat of war entirely away from the Northern capital and territory would have freed the large forces constantly
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