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Portland (Maine, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
team.) The steam-passage into or from the cylinder; an induction or eduction port. Port-hole Clos′er. （Nautical.) A shutter to close a submarine port; opened for the projection of a torpedo spar or the firing of submarine ordnance. Por′ti-co. （Architecture.) a. A sheltered walk with columns. b. A covered colonnade at the entrance of a building. c. A porch or gateway. Port′land Cement. A silicate of lime and alumina obtained by calcination of the stone quarried at Portland on the south coast of England. A hydraulic lime obtained by the calcination of argillaceous limestone, such as the septaria and lias rocks. Also obtained by the calcination of chalk and clay together. See hydraulic cement. Port-lan′yard. （Nautical.) The rope to draw up a port-lid. Port-lid. （Shipbuilding.) A shutter for closing a port-hole in stormy weather. It is hung by hinges above; is held up by ring-bolts and a chain or rope called a port-pendant; is s
Bruges (Belgium) (search for this): chapter 16
lished in 1801, upon paper re-made from old printed and written paper. In 1835, Piette published a work on the subject of Paper from straw, etc., giving 160 specimens. In 1765, Schaeffer, of Ratisbon, printed a book on sixty varieties of paper made from as many different materials; a copy is now in the Smithsonian Institute Library. In 1786, the Marquis de Vilette published in London a small book, printed on paper made from marsh mallow; at the end are leaves of paper manufactured at Bruges from twenty different plants, such as nettles, hops, reeds, etc. The following is a list of materials (numbering in all 402) from which paper has been made or proposed to be made, with references to the authorities from which the information has been derived. paper-making materials. The following materials, among others, have been used or suggested for paper-making. The authorities are cited as follows : — a refers to English patents. b refers to Examiner's Digest, Patent Of
Nola (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
are mentioned as inhabited cities in the chart of Peutinger, which is of the date of Constantine. The eruption of A. D. 471 was probably the most frightful on record; and if we may believe Marcellinus, the ashes of the volcano were vomited over a great portion of Europe, reaching to Constantinople, where a festival was instituted in commemoration of the strange phenomenon. After this, we hear no more of the cities, but the portion of the inhabitants who escaped built or occupied suburbs at Nola in Campania and at Naples. In the latter city, the Regio Herculanensium, or Quarter of the Herculaneans, an inscription marked on several lapidary monuments, indicates the part devoted to the population driven from the doomed city. From Pliny we learn that the papyrus plant grew in the marshes of Egypt or in the sluggish waters of the river Nile in pools which did not exceed 3 1/2 feet in depth, forming a gracefully tapering stalk, triangular in cross-section and not over 16 feet (10 cubi
London (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
ciated syllables. See Popular science Review, London, July, 1874. Also Silliman's Journal, August,1827 presented a paper to the Royal Society of London on the subject of his invention; but as he kepch took place in 1850. To Mr. Scott Archer of London is due the credit of the negative-collodion praves nothing to be desired. 6. Hannaford of London, in August, 1861, suggested a transfer-processparatus of the kind was a planetarium shown in London in 1791, and purchased by the English governmepys complains that at the Lord Mayor's dinner, London, 1663, the major part of the guests had no napa reservoir at Islington, a northern suburb of London. The water was distributed by wooden mains anh is that between Holborn and Euston Square in London. In this the tube at the straight portions coen from the original press used by Franklin in London, and now in the museum of the United States Pa See Browne's Treatise on the screw-propeller, London, 1867: Burgh's Modern screw propulsion, London[30 more...]
Dresden (Saxony, Germany) (search for this): chapter 16
The authorities are cited as follows : — a refers to English patents. b refers to Examiner's Digest, Patent Office. c refers to Munsell on Paper-making. d refers to Schaeffer on Paper. e refers to Central Blatt, Papierfabrikation, Dresden. f refers to Journal des Fabricants de papier, Paris. g refers to Die fabrication des Papieres, Piette, Coln. Abelmoschus esculentus, e, XIV. 17.Broom corn, b. Broom, swamp, b. Abutilon avicennae, b.Broussonesia, a; e, VI. 234, XVII 1d probably, as the Pere d'entrecolles remarks, is steatite; which is a compound of silica and magnesia. We cannot go into all the particulars of the history of the art, nor describe the ingredients and compositions of the porcelains of China, Dresden, Sevres, Berlin, Vienna, Bohemia, but must refer our readers to Birch's History of ancient pottery (1858): Marryat's History of Pottery and Porcelain, Medieval and Modern (1857); and Brogniart's Arts Ceramiques. Por′ce-lain-cem′ent. Stir p<
Grove River (Georgia, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
er, it is frequently advantageous to employ an eye-piece or amplifier, rather than enlarge a negative taken with a smaller power. Though natural sunlight is to be preferred, it may be sometimes necessary, when this is wanting, to employ artificial illumination; for this purpose, the electric, the magnesium, and the oxycalcium lights have been used with success. Of these, the electric light is the best, and for its production Dr. W employs a Duboseq lamp, operated by a battery of 50 small Grove elements, 10 in a cell The magnesium light affords an illumination similar to whitecloud light, or that of the sun after passing through ground glass, and is well adapted for photographing soft tissues with powers less than 1,000 diameters; there are no interference phenomena, but with powers exceeding 1,000 diameters the time of exposure becomes inconveniently long. Fig. 3684 shows the arrangement employed. The magnesium lamp a stands on a shelf fastened to the wall; the condenser b
Burslem (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
i. The town of Delft, in Holland, became celebrated for the manufacture of earthenware, which is held to have been equal in quality to its Italian progenitor, but inferior in its ornamentation, apparently vying with China in its peculiar and almost grotesque modes of representing natural objects. See Porce-lain. The potteries of Lambeth, London, were started by men from Holland, about 1640. The potteries of Staffordshire soon took the preeminence. John Wedgwood was born at Burslem, England, in 1730, and after a variety of experiences such as would sadden and kill an average man, started a pottery on his own account, where he improved the productions of his art. In his second manufactory he established the white stone-ware, and in the third the creamcolored ware which gave him so much celebrity. He also originated a terra-cotta which could be made to resemble porphyry, granite, Egyptian pebble, and other stones of the siliceous or crystalline kind; a black porcelainous bi
Nuremburg (Pennsylvania, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
ed to avoid jar. c has feathering paddles automatically operated by the pressure of water against them. f shows the paddle within the hull, adapted to canal-boat propulsion. The paddle-wheels of the Great Eastern are 56 feet diameter, 13 feet deep, 30 floats or paddles. Pad′e-soy. （Fabric.) See Paduasoy. Pad-hook. （Saddlery.) A hook on the backpad to hold up the bearingrein. Pad-hook. Pad′lock. A lock with a bow to hold on to a staple. Made by Bechar at Nuremberg, A. D. 1540. Dr. Abbott's collection of Egyptian antiquities in New York contains a padlock found in a tomb at Sakkarah. They were also used by the Romans. Fig. 3479 is an example of one in which the key, on being inserted, acts first on the tumblers, so as to free the cylinder and to allow a slide to be raised, and it then raises the slide so as to turn the cylinder. The slide-bolt is replaced in its original position by the turning back of the key after the lock has been opened.
Tripoli (Libya) (search for this): chapter 16
The powder generally employed in polishing is Venetian pink, a substance containing a small proportion of oxide of iron mingled with earthy matter. It is used with water, which reduces the friction and prevents the glass from becoming heated. Tripoli, crocus, and putty powders, when used with water, cut too actively to produce a high polish in this way; though they are employed dry for the last finish in hand polishing, the amount of surface acted on with the velocity and power of the machinor like purposes. Silex in its various forms, as quartz, sand, etc., and mixed with alumina and other mineral substances constituting grits or grindstones, hones and slates, pumice-stone, and some others, are used for abrading and polishing. Tripoli and rotten-stone are employed in polishing the surfaces of metals and other substances. The oxide of iron, called crocus and rouge, and the oxides of tin and lead, known as putty-powders, are extensively used in the arts for producing very smo
Thibet (China) (search for this): chapter 16
6,000 different characters in its font of type. The types now in use in China are of similar form to our own. The works of Gotama, under the title of Verbal instructions, are published by the Chinese government in four languages, — Thibetan, Mongol, Mantchou, and Chinese, — from the Imperial press at Pekin, in 800 large volumes. The name of this founder of Buddhism was Arddha Chiddi. He was born about 1700 B. C., at Capila, near Nepaul. This religion now embraces Ceylon, Tartary, Thibet, China, Japan, and Burmah. He changed his name to Gotama, one who kills the senses, in allusion to the sublimation of the soul by physical mortifications. It appears that the Venetians introduced blockprinting into Europe, and wood-engraving and printing had long been in use in the time of Charles V., when playing-cards were thus made. The printing from blocks is said to have been practiced at Ravenna in 1289, and among the Germans in 1300. In 1441 it had attained the dignity of special l
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