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162 BC (search for this): chapter 15
recorded not less than fourteen times in the last 1,000 years. Its length varies in different countries, as the facts show and theory had supposed. Eratosthenes, B. C. 276, attempted the measurement of the size of the earth, by ascertaining the distance between Alexandria and Syene, the differences of latitude between which places he had found to be 1/50 of the earth's circumference. Some previous measurements are mentioned under armil (which see). Hipparchus of Nicaeea in Bithynia, 162 B. C., laid down a map by the determination of the latitude and longitude of places. A degree was measured on the shores of the Red Sea by the Khalif al Maimoun, the son of Haroun al Raschid, about A. D. 820. The exact determination of the length of a degree was considered of so much importance that, in 1735, the Academy of Sciences of Paris dispatched two commissions, one to Peru, the other to Lapland. The latter party accomplished their mission and returned in 16 months; the former party
1869 AD (search for this): chapter 15
amber m to enable it to volatilize the bisulphide of carbon in a. g is a gas-holder to hold any superfluous gas, to keep the capacity adjusted to the varying volume of the contents. The boiling-point of the bisulphide of carbon is 118° Fah. The process is adapted to dissolving the oils contained in the strippings of machine-cards in factories, and saving the waste from the axles of car-boxes, the journal-boxes of machinery. See also Sim's and Hutchinson's processes and machines, patented 1869, 1870, 1871. These are also particularly intended for extracting fusel-oil from grain. Oil-fil′ter. Robinson's oil-filter acts by the upward pressure of a column of water below the oil. The operation is as follows: — Robinson's oil-filter. Oil-gas apparatus. The butt g of oil being placed on a stillion, communication is made with its lower portion by means of a pipe a leading from a cistern of water n. As the water flows into the butt, it displaces the oil, which passes by p
June 5th (search for this): chapter 15
ies of children, such as curved spine, club-foot, etc. See club-foot apparatus. Os′cil-lat-ing—cyl′in-der Steam—en′gine. （Steam.) A simple form of engine, in which the cylinder rocks on trunnions and the piston-rod connects directly to the crank. It was invented by James Watt, and was brought into use by Maudslay. Watt's model, made at Soho in 1763, was exhibited at the London Exhibition of 1851. Witty of Hull patented the oscillating cylinder in England in 1813. English patent, June 5. Goldsworth Gurney was in some way associated with the improvement of it, and has been credited with the invention. It was introduced by those two famous makers of marine and river engines, Maudslay and Field and Penn and Sons. This engine has a cylinder mounted on gudgeons or trunnions, generally near the middle of its length, on which it is capable of swaying to and fro through a small arc, so as to enable the piston-rod to follow the movements of the crank, to which it is di
February 14th, 1779 AD (search for this): chapter 15
, the embers are removed, the stones covered with green cocoa-nut leaves, the dressed pig wrapped in plantain-leaves, placed in the hole, and covered with hot embers, on which are placed bread-fruit and yams wrapped in plantain-leaves. Captain Cook said it was the best mode of cooking he ever saw. It is a pity that he was afterward subjected to it. He was sent by the English government to the South Seas to observe a transit of Venus, and was killed and eaten by the natives of Owhyhee, February 14, 1779. The early Egyptian oven was a crock sunk in the ground and heated by a fire built inside. To the sides of the crock wet lumps of dough were attached and baked by the heat. It explains how the frogs with which Egypt was plagued came into the ovens. The cannibals of the Feejee Islands make a hole in the ground, and place therein the meat (bakolo, long pig, as they called a human carcass) and heated stones, covering all with leaves. The Rocky Mountain Indians collect the grasshoppe
1620 AD (search for this): chapter 15
the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. D, from Gori's Thesaurus Diptychorum, is said to have been taken from a manuscript of the time of Charlemagne. It represents King David seated on his throne. his scepter in one hand and a lyre in the other, on which he appears to be playing, accompanied by several instruments, including the organ. E is from an engraving in the Theorea Musica of Franchinus Gaffurins, printed at Milan, 1492. F, from the Theatrum Instrumentorum of Praetorius, 1620, shows the ancient method of blowing. On each bellows is fixed a wooden shoe: the men who work them hold on to a horizontal bar, and, inserting their feet into a pair of the shoes, alternately raise one and depress the other. G is what was formerly known as the Positive, in contradistinction to the portative organ. The lat- ter, as its name implies, was portable, being carried in processions by one person and played by another; it was also called the regal or rigol. The former was fixe
364 AD (search for this): chapter 15
s, says that Ctesibus, the mechanician, wrote a book about the hydraulic. — From the Deipnosophists, by Athenaeus, A. D. 220. A fuller description of an organ of this kind may be found in Vitruvius. An organ with pipes of varying length, and apparently about 10 feet high, is shown on a coin of the gentle Emperor Nero. He was much addicted to music, and is supposed to have also soothed his mind by the bagpipes. A Greek epigram in the Anthologia, attributed to the Emperor Julian, A. D. 364, has the following description: I see reeds of a new species, the growth of another and a brazen soil, agitated by a blast rushing from a leathern cavern beneath their roots and producing melodious sounds, as the keys dance under the skillful fingering of a robust performer. The origin of the bellows organ would thus seem to have been known to the Greeks of the Eastern Empire. Fig. 3424 shows several old methods adopted for supplying wind to the organ; the arrangement of the keys and the
1612 AD (search for this): chapter 15
62,73450364,862 10362,84360365,454 20363,15870365,937 30363,64180366,252 40364,23390366,361 The length of the degrees of longitude at every tenth degree is as follows: — Latitude.Length of degree of longitude in English feetLatitude.Length of degree of longitude in English feet. 0365,16250235,171 10359,64060183,629 20343,26370125,254 30316,4938063,612 40280,106900 Odometers were possessed by Augustus, the Elector of Saxony, A. D. 1553-86, and for Emperor Rodolphus II. 1576-1612. In the eighteenth century they became common, and descriptions are found in scientific reports and works of that date. Hohlfield, born at Hennerndorf, in Saxony, in 1711, seems to have much improved the instrument. A new French instrument, termed a compteur mecanique, or calculating-machine, not only reckons the distance traversed, but indicates as well the exact sum of money due to the driver. Two dials are fixed on the back of the driving-seat; one contains a clock, while on the o
1492 AD (search for this): chapter 15
f the tenth century; it is taken from an ancient psalter in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. D, from Gori's Thesaurus Diptychorum, is said to have been taken from a manuscript of the time of Charlemagne. It represents King David seated on his throne. his scepter in one hand and a lyre in the other, on which he appears to be playing, accompanied by several instruments, including the organ. E is from an engraving in the Theorea Musica of Franchinus Gaffurins, printed at Milan, 1492. F, from the Theatrum Instrumentorum of Praetorius, 1620, shows the ancient method of blowing. On each bellows is fixed a wooden shoe: the men who work them hold on to a horizontal bar, and, inserting their feet into a pair of the shoes, alternately raise one and depress the other. G is what was formerly known as the Positive, in contradistinction to the portative organ. The lat- ter, as its name implies, was portable, being carried in processions by one person and played by another;
August 1st, 1774 AD (search for this): chapter 15
illiant effect. It is not so brilliant as the oxyhydrogen light, but it is much safer to manage. The apparatus is less bulky, troublesome, and expensive. The light is equal in brilliancy to ten argand-lamps of ordinary dimensions. See also calcium-light; Drummond-light; oxyhydrogen light. Ox-y-ge-na′tor. A contrivance for throwing a stream of oxygen into the flame of a lamp. Oxycalcium-light. Ox′y-gengas Appara′tus. Oxygen gas was first discovered by Dr. Priestly August 1, 1774. Scheele and Lavoisier appear to have made the discovery independently very shortly afterward. Dr. Priestly first obtained the gas by heating red precipitate (red oxide of mercury, HgO) to a temperature of 752° Fah., by which the oxygen is expelled from this compund. Lavoisier verified the result by boiling mercury in a given quantity of air, thus forming red precipitate. Scheele obtained oxygen while engaged in experimenting upon some of the ores of manganese. It may be readily
1763 AD (search for this): chapter 15
of two achromatic compound lenses, separated by an interval. Or-tho-pae′dic Ap-pa-ra′tus. （Surgical.) A device to correct the deformities of children, such as curved spine, club-foot, etc. See club-foot apparatus. Os′cil-lat-ing—cyl′in-der Steam—en′gine. （Steam.) A simple form of engine, in which the cylinder rocks on trunnions and the piston-rod connects directly to the crank. It was invented by James Watt, and was brought into use by Maudslay. Watt's model, made at Soho in 1763, was exhibited at the London Exhibition of 1851. Witty of Hull patented the oscillating cylinder in England in 1813. English patent, June 5. Goldsworth Gurney was in some way associated with the improvement of it, and has been credited with the invention. It was introduced by those two famous makers of marine and river engines, Maudslay and Field and Penn and Sons. This engine has a cylinder mounted on gudgeons or trunnions, generally near the middle of its length, on
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