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1787 AD (search for this): chapter 13
11, and in 1819 published his celebrated work Upon the magnetism of the earth. He treated the matter historically and scientifically, making a variation chart for 1787. The agonic line, or line of no variation, where the magnetic and geographical lines coincide, was discovered by Columbus in 1492, about 100 miles west of the A its effects from pole to pole; and that its motion is not sudden, but gradual and regular. The western line of no variation in Hansteen's chart, calculated for 1787, begins in latitude 60° to the west of Hudson's Bay, proceeds southeast through the North American lakes, passes the Antilles and Cape St. Roque till it reaches the South Atlantic Ocean, where it cuts the meridian of Greenwich in about 65° south latitude. The eastern line of no variation (1787) is extremely irregular, heaving curious curves and contortions, indicating the action of local magnetic forces. It begins in latitude 60° south, below Australia; crosses that island, extends thro
1790 AD (search for this): chapter 13
of Louis XV., who named a commission to investigate the best means of reforming the great diversity of weight and measures then used in the different cities and provinces of France. These investigations were continued under his successor, and in 1790 Talleyrand distributed among the members of the National Assembly a proposal for the establishment of a single and universal standard of measurement. A committee from the Academy of Sciences, Borda, Lagrange, Laplace, and Condorcet, all men of t, a yearly visitor to the Carlsbad waters, is believed to have been the first to make a successful imitation of mineral water. Struve did the same shortly afterward. The first manufactory was established by Goser, an apothecary at Geneva, about 1790, who sold annually 40,000 bottles of Seltzer. Struve soon decided to devote himself to this speciality, and obtained patents in the chief European countries. In the modern process of manufacturing mineral waters, carbonic-acid water is first m
1291 AD (search for this): chapter 13
del Orbe, published in 1286. A passage in the Spanish Leyes de las Partidas of the middle of the thirteenth century runs as follows: The needle which guides the mariner in the dark night, and shows him how to direct his course both in good and bad weather, is the intermediary between the loadstone and the North Star. Dante, about 1300, refers to the needle which points to the star. Marco Polo, the great traveler, was in the service of Kublai Khan, the conqueror of China, from 1274 to 1291, and was concerned in the introduction of the compass from China to Europe direct. It had previously arrived by the good old channel, India and Arabia; but Marco Polo did not know that, and his services can hardly be exaggerated. The Arabs sailed by the compass during the Khalifate of Cordova, which lasted till A. D. 1237, when it was subdued by the Moors. An authority states that it was known in Norway previous to 1266. Dr. Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, states that P. Venutu
1800 AD (search for this): chapter 13
ding. Mold′ing-ma-chine′. 1. (Wood-working.) The rotary molding-machine for wood is enumerated among the inventions of General Samuel Bentham, previous to 1800. It had rotary cutters. One form of his machine was for making wave-moldings, and had an undulating bed. There are several forms of the machine, one of which The self-acting mortising-machine was invented by General Bentham, and described in his specification of 1793. He made them for the British Admiralty previous to 1800. His description includes the operation by means of a hole previously bored and then elongated by a vertically reciprocating chisel; and also the making of a mo all of which were designed to be rolled while red-hot, and to be used for the purpose stated. See the following; also table on page 61. Kier, 1779.Collins, 1800.Muntz, 1832. Copper5455.550, 60, 63 Zinc4044.450, 40, 37 Iron5.4 Mu′ral Cir′cle. An astronomical instrument consisting of a graduated circle, furnished
1306 AD (search for this): chapter 13
did offer them. — Pepys's Diary, 1667. The great geographical achievements which distinguished the close of the fifteenth and the early portion of the sixteenth centuries, or the thirty years from 1492 to 1522, consist in the discovery of tropical America, the rapid determination of its form, the passage round the southern point of Africa to India, and the first circumnavigation of the globe. The triangular form of Africa is distinctly laid down in the planisphere of Sanuto as early as 1306; in the Genoese Portulano della Medice Laurenziana of 1351, discovered by Count Baldelli; and in the map of the world by Fra Manro. 1,700 years before this, Herodotus had characterized as incredible the statement that those who sailed around Libya, in sailing from east to west, had the sun on their right hand, as in sailing eastwardly in the Mediterranean the sun at noon is always to the left. He farther states that Necho commanded the Phoenicians to make their return to Egypt by the pillar
1802 AD (search for this): chapter 13
varieties have tangs, and the larger, sockets. The firmer and turning chisels, m to s, are introduced to show the difference. t is a hand-adze used in dressing tenons. g h are two views of the chisel of the mortising-machine, having side-wings which cut the sides of the mortise a little in advance of the chisel edge. It is the invention of Brunel or Maudslay, being applied in the mortising-machine invented by the former and constructed by the latter in Portsmouth Dock-Yard, England, in 1802-8. (See Fig. 3240.) i j are mortising-machine chisels whose lips are so formed that the chisel, on being withdrawn, clears the mortise of the core or chips. The chisel k is a double one, each limb having two lips, adapting the tool to cut a double mortise. Mor′tise-gage. A scribing-gage with two sharp, adjustable points, which may be set to the distance for the mortise or tenon from the working-edge, and also the width of the mortise and size of tenon. Mor′tise-joint. A joint
1795 AD (search for this): chapter 13
（Architecture.) The space between the triglyphs in the frieze of the Doric order. Me-tren′chy-tes. （Surgical.) A syringe for injecting medicated liquids into the uterus. Met′ric Sys′tem. The system adopted by the French convention in 1795, in which all measures of length, area, capacity, and weight are based upon the length of a quadrant of the meridian measured between the equator and the pole. The origin of the system is due to the government of Louis XV., who named a commissi1,960.33 sq. yards or 2.471 acres=2 a. 1 r. 35.376p. Table. 100 centiares make1 are. 10 ares make1 decare. 10 decares make1 hectare. The United States, however, led the way in decimal currency. The metric system, though adopted in 1795, was not fully carried into effect until 1840. It is now employed throughout a large part of Continental Europe, and seems in a fair way to be generally adopted at some not very distant day in the United States, where it may now be legally emp
1300 AD (search for this): chapter 13
Adsiger in a Latin essay in 1269, in which the south pole is said to vary a little to the west; and by Raymond Lully of Majorca, in his Fenix de las Maravillas del Orbe, published in 1286. A passage in the Spanish Leyes de las Partidas of the middle of the thirteenth century runs as follows: The needle which guides the mariner in the dark night, and shows him how to direct his course both in good and bad weather, is the intermediary between the loadstone and the North Star. Dante, about 1300, refers to the needle which points to the star. Marco Polo, the great traveler, was in the service of Kublai Khan, the conqueror of China, from 1274 to 1291, and was concerned in the introduction of the compass from China to Europe direct. It had previously arrived by the good old channel, India and Arabia; but Marco Polo did not know that, and his services can hardly be exaggerated. The Arabs sailed by the compass during the Khalifate of Cordova, which lasted till A. D. 1237, when it
1798 AD (search for this): chapter 13
rumental in the practical application of the micrometer to instruments. He early adapted the telescope to the measurement of angles, and determined with reasonable correctness the length of a degree, which he measured by means of an odometer (which see). Roemer, in 1678, suggested the divided objectglass micrometer, which was more perfectly adapted by Bouguer, seventy years afterwards. Boscovich, in 1740, invented the circular micrometer, which was used by Lecaille in 1742, and Olbers, 1798, and improved by Frauenhofer. Ramsden, about 1780, suggested the use of cobwebs as a fine filament substitute for wire. It has been credited to Troughton. A substitute for the spider-line micrometer, over which it possesses many advantages, is formed of a thin plate of glass on which equidistant parallel lines are ruled by means of a diamond-point. Spiderlines are liable to become displaced or to become relaxed in consequence of the hygrometric conditions of the atmosphere, while the
1797 AD (search for this): chapter 13
ng, and the mole as it progressed drew in 300 feet of tiling after it. A hole was dug at each commencement of operations. See drain-tile. It is sometimes drawn by four or six horses, and, perhaps, more often by a rope from a capstan, as in Fig. 3208, in which the capstan is shown anchored in position, and the standard of the mole-plow has a clevis for the attachment of the mole. Ditching and mole plow. The mole-plow is described in White's English patent for a draining implement, 1797. It is thus described in a report, November, 1797: — The principle of this invention consists in the patentee's mode of forming a sort of subterraneous channels, cavities, soughs, or drains, from every part of the ground to be drained, which channels run into a principal drain or ditch, cut by hand in the usual way. These subterraneous channels he forms by a particular species of share, foot, or wedge, affixed to a sort of plow, which is drawn by horses in the usual way. In the beam
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