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[301]

Financial and manufacturing.

George Howland Cox.

Financial.

Cambridge Bank.

It was not until the year 1826 that Cambridge had any banking facilities of its own, although it had long been a wealthy town. In March of that year the Cambridge Bank was chartered. The first meeting of its stockholders was held in Ebenezer Kimball's tavern, March 22, 1826. William I. Whipple was elected moderator, and Thomas Foster clerk. The act incorporating the ‘Cambridge Bank’ had been passed by the General Court, March 4, and at this meeting the charter was accepted. Subscriptions for the stock were opened, and a board of directors elected as follows: James P. Chaplin, William Hillard, Newell Bent, Levi Farwell, William Fiske, John Trowbridge, Charles Everett, Isaiah Bangs, and S. P. P. Fay. Judge Fay declined to serve, and at a later meeting, March 31, Asahel Stearns was elected in his place.

The bank was capitalized at $150,000, and the stock was taken by residents of Boston, Natick, Watertown, Brighton, Sudbury, and many of the towns of eastern Massachusetts, but the larger portion was placed in Cambridge. In 1833, shortly after the organization of the Charles River Bank, it was voted to reduce the capital stock to $100,000, and in the following year, 1834, the reduction was made. It has remained at this figure ever since, although there were attempts made to raise the capital to $150,000 in 1853, and to $200,000 in 1854.

The board of directors held its first meeting March 27, at the house of Dr. Chaplin (corner of Austin and Inman streets). Dr. Chaplin was elected the first president of the bank. Martin Lane was elected cashier, and Luke Hemenway's store was purchased for the bank's quarters. The cashier was ordered to report for duty Monday morning, May 22, but it is probable [302] that the bank did not begin business until the following Monday, the 29th. It is said that it opened for business simultaneously with the inauguration of hourly coaches between Cambridge and Boston. The bank occupied Mr. Hemenway's store until it bought the brick building numbered 689 Main Street, where it had its rooms on the second floor. The bank remained there until 1870, when the brick building, which it now owns and occupies, was erected.

The young institution prospered. In less than a year it paid a four per cent. dividend, and its stock was at a premium. In 1843 an attempt was made to wind up its affairs, but the attempt did not succeed. The bank reorganized as the ‘Cambridgeport National Bank’ in June, 1865.

Dr. Chaplin, the first president, died in October, 1828. He was succeeded by Deacon Levi Farwell, who resigned in January, 1832, to accept the presidency of the newly organized Charles River Bank. Judge Fay followed Deacon Farwell, resigning in December, 1842. Rev. Thomas Whittemore held the presidency till his resignation, March, 1860. Benjamin Tilton finished out the year, and in the following October Rev. Dr. Lucius R. Paige, at that time filling the position of cashier, was elected. In March, 1863, Dr. Paige resigned the presidency to accept the cashiership again, and Robert Douglass was made president. He carried the bank through the trying period of the reorganization, and resigned, on account of ill health, in January, 1882, and was succeeded by Hon. Asa P. Morse, the present incumbent.

Since the organization of the bank, the following persons, in addition to those named elsewhere, have served on the board of directors: Thomas Foster, E. T. Hastings, E. W. Metcalf, B. Bigelow, N. Childs, Francis Bowman, John Hayden, Ebenezer Kimball, Charles Haynes, Abel W. Bruce, Phineas B. Hovey, Hiram Brooks, Leonard Stone, Henry Potter, Flavel Coolidge, W. B. Hovey, Daniel U. Chamberlin, Jeremiah Wetherbee, Charles Wood, Edward Hyde, Ira Stratton, Alexander Dickinson, Curtis Davis, Samuel James, and Martin L. Smith. The number of directors has changed several times in the bank's history: at first nine members constituted the board, later this was increased to twelve, then it dropped back to nine again; a little later it was reduced to seven, and finally to five, the present number. Of the first board of directors William [303] Fiske served the bank the longest; he resigned in 1851, after twenty-five years of service. The present board consists of Lucius R. Paige, Asa P. Morse, Charles James, Frank H. Jones, and Charles Bullock. Dr. Paige was elected cashier in 1857, and he has served the bank continuously, in different capacities, since that time. Mr. Morse has been connected with the bank since 1860.

Mr. Lane served the bank as cashier from its inception, 1826, till March, 1855, when he resigned on account of ill-health. Dr. Paige held the position till March, 1860. Joseph Whittemore, late principal assessor, followed Dr. Paige, resigning in February, 1863. Dr. Paige took the office again temporarily, until Seymour B. Snow was elected in August, 1864. Mr. Snow held the position just twenty years. He resigned in 1884, when Mr. Will F. Roaf, the present cashier, was promoted to the position. The report of the bank at the close of business February 28, 1896, showed a surplus fund and divided profits of $41,307, and deposits amounting to $171,919.

Middlesex Bank

Middlesex Bank was chartered in 1832, and was located in East Cambridge. William Parmenter was elected president, and William Whitney cashier. The bank, after a short existence, was obliged to wind up its affairs; it redeemed its circulation, paid its depositors in full, and forty-two per cent. of its capital to its stockholders.

Lechmere Bank

In 1853 the Lechmere Bank was chartered with a capital of $100,000. Its first board of directors consisted of Lewis Hall, K. S. Chaffee, Samuel Slocomb, Francis Draper, and Amory Houghton. Lewis Hall was elected president, and John Savage, Jr., cashier. Mr. Hall still holds the office of president. The bank is located on Cambridge Street, East Cambridge, and is very successful. Its capital is $100,000, and February 28, 1896, it reported a surplus fund and undivided profits of $82,090, and deposits of $183,598.

National city Bank

National city Bank was organized May 30, 1853, under the name of the Cambridge City Bank, with Samuel P. Heywood, Eliphalet Davis, John Livermore, George W. Whittemore, Henry M. Chamberlain, George T. Gale, and William P. Fiske as directors. Mr. Heywood was chosen president temporarily, but he resigned June 9, 1853, and John Livermore was elected in his place. Mr. Livermore is the only one of the original [304] board of directors now living. Edward Richardson was elected cashier. The bank began business in the building then known as the Cambridge Athenaeum, now occupied by the Prospect Union. In 1865 the bank was reorganized as a national bank, and in 1885 its charter was extended. The bank was afterward moved to the building on the corner of Main and Norfolk streets, and a few years ago again moved to the present location, Massachusetts Avenue and Inman Street. The bank has had four presidents since its organization: Samuel P. Heywood, John Livermore, George T. Gale, and Edwin Dresser; two cashiers, Edward Richardson and Henry B. Davis. The present board of directors is composed of Edwin Dresser, Frank A. Kennedy, George W. Gale, James W. Hazen, and Henry B. Davis. The capital of the bank is $100,000. Surplus fund and undivided profits at close of business, February 28, 1896, were $82,950, with deposits of $299,390.

Charles River Bank

Charles River Bank.—The first meeting for the purpose of organization was held March 13, 1832, in the office of Levi Farwell, at which meeting Mr. Farwell acted as chairman, with C. C. Little as secretary. The first board of directors chosen was Levi Farwell, J. Coolidge, C. C. Little, J. Brown, A. Stearns, William Brown, William Watriss, and Robert Fuller. On March 30, 1832, a committee consisting of Levi Farwell and C. C. Little made a report recommending John B. Dana as cashier, with a salary of $900 per annum. The committee also reported that it had agreed to take rooms in the building now occupied by the Charles River National Bank, and owned by Harvard University, for a rent of $150 per year. Mr. Dana accepted the position as cashier May 21, 1832.

In 1864 the bank was reorganized as the Charles River National Bank, and has an average deposit of $600,000, with a business through the Boston Clearing House exceeding annually $1,200,000.

The presidents of the institution have been Levi Farwell, elected March 20, 1832, died in 1844; Charles C. Little, elected 1844, died in 1869; Samuel B. Rindge, elected 1869, died in 1883; David B. Flint, elected 1883, resigned in 1887; Charles E. Raymond, elected 1887, resigned 1889. Walter S. Swan, now its president, was elected in 1889. Mr. Dana, its first [305] cashier, held the position until November 22, 1858, when he resigned, and Eben Snow was elected. Mr. Snow resigned January 1, 1890, and George H. Holmes, the present cashier, was elected.

The board of directors is composed of Walter S. Swan, William T. Richardson (elected a director in 1845), James A. Wood, R. N. Toppan, and William B. Durant. The capital of the bank is $100,000, and it has a surplus and undivided profits of $61,471.

The first National Bank

The first National Bank.—In the autumn of 1860, during the period when civil war menaced the country, and filled the public mind with anxious thoughts, and at a time when the country was suffering a consequent financial depression, a few of the leading citizens of Cambridge conceived the idea of organizing a new bank, an action due to the foresight, courage, and enterprise of Mr. Benjamin Tilton, who was its controlling spirit.

The Harvard Bank was organized November 7 under the general banking laws of the Commonwealth, with a capital of $200,000, and occupied rooms in the house known as the Dowse building, at the easterly corner of Main and Prospect streets. Its first directors were Benjamin Tilton, Daniel U. Chamberlin, George Livermore, Alanson Bigelow, John Sargent, Edward Hyde, Charles Wood, Newell Bent, Louis Colby, William A. Saunders, Estes Howe, and Z. L. Raymond; Hon. Charles Theodore Russell acting as solicitor. It was the intention of the directors to begin business on the first day of March, 1861, but the political condition of the country was unsettled, and as the prevention of President Lincoln's inauguration had been threatened, it was decided to postpone opening until after the inauguration had taken place. The banking-rooms were open for business on the 5th of March. An interesting event occurred on the 22d of April, immediately after the breaking out of the war; at a meeting of the directors the following vote was passed: ‘In consideration of the present exigencies in public affairs, the president of this bank is authorized and requested to tender a loan of $50,000 to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.’ This tender was made, and the following reply was received from his Excellency Governor Andrew:— [306]

Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Treasurer's Office, Boston, April 24, 1861.
Benjamin Tilton, Esq., President Harvard Bank.
Dear Sir,—Your communication of the 22d inst. containing the offer of your bank of a loan of $50,000 has been placed in my hands by his Excellency Governor Andrew for reply.

He desires me to express to your board of directors his sincere gratitude for the intelligent patriotism which has prompted your liberality. No immediate necessity existing for its instant acceptance, I am directed to say, as has already been done in the case of similar offers, that with your permission he will hold your offer in reserve for such future emergencies as may arise.

Very truly yours,

Henry K. Oliver, Treasurer and Receiver General.

The bank paid its first dividend October 1, 1861. On December 30 of the same year, in common with all banks in Boston and vicinity, this bank suspended specie payment. April 28, 1864, articles of association as First National Bank of Cambridge were adopted, and the bank fully organized as a national bank May 16, 1864. On May 24 it was appointed a depository and financial agent of the United States, and began business under this new organization June 1, the board of directors remaining unchanged. Circulating notes to the full amount of its capital, $200,000, were issued. In December, 1875, the bank removed to its present quarters in the Grant Building. In November, 1882, the bank and the community suffered a serious loss in the death of President Tilton, who had been identified with the business interests of the city through many years, and had won a deserved reputation for sagacity.

November 28, 1882, Daniel U. Chamberlin was elected president, and on February 24, 1893, the charter as a national bank was extended to 1903. Since beginning business in 1861 it has paid $640,000 in dividends, and has now a surplus about equal to its capital. Mr. Chamberlin, the president, and Mr. W. A. Bullard, the cashier, are, with one exception, the only persons living who were actively connected with the administration of its affairs when the bank was organized, they having served continuously for thirty-five years. The present board of directors consists of Daniel U. Chamberlin, Henry Endicott, [307] Henry N. Tilton, Dana W. Hyde, Erasmus D. Leavitt, and W. W. Dallinger.

The Cambridge National Bank

The Cambridge National Bank, located at No. 221 Cambridge Street, East Cambridge, was organized in June, 1864, through the efforts of Daniel R. Sortwell, who at that time had just moved into Ward Three from Somerville. The first board of directors consisted of Daniel R. Sortwell, Joseph H. Tyler, John N. Meriam, Charles J. Adams, Thomas Cunningham, Israel Tibbetts, and Joseph A. Wellington. Daniel R. Sortwell was elected president, and John C. Bullard cashier. The bank opened for business August 1, 1864.

The board, as first elected, served without a break until 1874: John C. Bullard was elected in 1875 to succeed John N. Meriam; Alvin F. Sortwell, elected in 1878 to succeed Israel Tibbetts; Gustavus Goepper, elected in 1887 to succeed Charles J. Adams; Charles J. Adams, elected in 1889 to succeed Joseph A. Wellington; George E. Carter, elected in 1895 to succeed Daniel R. Sortwell.

In 1893 the Articles of Association were amended, reducing the number of directors to five.

Daniel R. Sortwell died on October 4, 1894, and the office of president was not filled until the annual election in January, 1895, when Alvin F. Sortwell was elected to succeed him. The present board of directors consists of John C. Bullard, George E. Carter, Thomas Cunningham, Gustavus Goepper, and Alvin F. Sortwell. Mr. Bullard has held the office of cashier since the organization of the bank, and is now serving his thirty-second year in that position. The deposits vary from $280,000 to $370,000, and the surplus and undivided profits are $41,030.30. The bank discounts consist almost altogether of local paper, and it is seldom obliged to buy notes of outof-town parties.

Cambridge Safe Deposit and Trust Company

Cambridge Safe Deposit and Trust Company.—A special charter for this company was granted by the legislature of 1890, and the Cambridge Safety Deposit Vaults Company, with a capital of $20,000, was organized under the general law in January, 1890, by Messrs. William R. Ellis, Richard H. Dana, James W. Brine, J. Rayner Edmands, and Woodward Emery; the stock was wholly taken by residents of Cambridge. The company leased the two stores and basement in Hilton Block, numbered 1298 and 1300 Massachusetts [308] Avenue, its present location, and made a contract for the most approved vault and lock work with the Damon Safe Company.

The board of directors consisted of Messrs. James W. Brine, Richard H. Dana, J. Rayner Edmands, William R. Ellis, Moses G. Howe, Joseph B. Russell, and Henry White. Joseph B. Russell was elected president, and John H. Hubbard treasurer; Edmund M. Parker, John H. Hubbard, and Alvin F. Sortwell were elected to the board of directors February 24, 1891.

President Russell resigned on January 20, 1891, and Alvin F. Sortwell was elected to the position, and held the same until the company closed up its affairs and transferred its plant to the trust company.

In the summer of 1892 Henry White, Daniel R. and Alvin F. Sortwell started a subscription to raise $100,000 for the purpose of using the charter for the trust company, granted in 1890. The stock was quickly taken, largely by residents of Cambridge, and the company was organized and opened for business in November, 1892. Alvin F. Sortwell was elected president during organization. The trust company bought out the Cambridge Safety Vaults Company, taking their vaults and fixtures, and the lease of the banking-room.

On account of the pressure of other interests President Sortwell resigned before the company opened for business. Mr. Henry White was elected president; Joseph B. Russell, vice-president; and Louis W. Cutting, treasurer, on September 20, 1892. The board of directors consisted of J. Q. Bennett, O. H. Durrell, J. M. W. Hall, Gardiner M. Lane, William Taggard Piper, Alvin F. Sortwell, E. D. Leavitt, Nathaniel C. Nash, Joseph B. Russell, Moses Williams, and Henry White.

President White resigned in June, 1894, on account of absence in Europe, and Joseph B. Russell was elected in his place, and Alvin F. Sortwell was elected vice-president. The changes in board of directors have been as follows: William J. Underwood in place of J. M. W. Hall, resigned; J. H. Hubbard in place of O. H. Durrell, resigned; H. O. Underwood in place of William J. Underwood, resigned; and William E. Russell and Herbert H. White added to the number.

The total deposits now average over half a million of dollars. Semi-annual dividends have been paid since 1894, and a surplus of over $15,000 accumulated. The silver vaults and safety [309] boxes in charge of Franklin Perrin, manager, are a feature of the institution, and are a great convenience to the citizens of Cambridge, as is indicated by their increased patronage. In its three years existence, the deposits have shown a steady and natural increase, and that, too, without drawing from the excellent national banks. The business comes from residents of Cambridge who have heretofore done their banking and had safety boxes in Boston, together with patrons drawn from Arlington, Watertown, Somerville, and other adjoining cities and towns. Interest is credited on daily balances.

The Cambridge Savings Bank

The Cambridge Savings Bank was incorporated April 2, 1834, under the name of the ‘Savings Institution in the Town of Cambridge,’ and bore that name until March 14, 1868, when by act of the legislature it took its present name. Previous to the time of its incorporation there were but nineteen institutions of the kind in the State. The original incorporators were William J. Whipple, William Hilliard, and Levi Farwell, and at a meeting of these gentlemen held in Mr. Hilliard's office on the southerly side of Brighton (now Boylston) Street, October 27, 1834, their number was increased to nine by electing Eliab W. Metcalf, Abel Willard, William Watriss, William Brown, John B. Dana, and Charles C. Little. At a meeting held November 17, 1834, at the Charles River Bank, forty-four more were added to the number, making fifty-three in all. The first choice for president of this time-honored institution was no less a personage than Judge Joseph Story, who was elected November 24, 1834, but his resignation was read at the next meeting, December 19, 1834, so that he never presided at any of its deliberations.

The first active president was Asahel Stearns, elected January 5, 1835. The first vice-presidents were Simon Greenleaf, Samuel King, Charles Everett, and Sidney Willard, who were elected November 24, 1834. The first board of trustees were the above-named president and vice-presidents, John Chamberlin, Eliab W. Metcalf, Anson Hooker, Joseph N. Howe, Jr., William Fiske, Robert Fuller, Edward Brown, Jr., Levi Farwell, Charles C. Little, Ralph Smith, William J. Whipple, and Jacob N. Bates. The first election of a clerk or secretary occurred at the meeting of November 24, 1834, and Mr. John B. Dana was chosen. The first auditors were Charles C. Little, William J. Whipple, and Samuel King, who were elected January [310] 2, 1835, and the first board of investment was chosen at the same meeting, the members of which were Levi Farwell, Ralph Smith, Eliab W. Metcalf, Charles Everett, Charles C. Little, Joseph N. Howe, Jr., and Sidney Willard. The first treasurer was James Hayward, chosen December 19, 1834. The bank evidently began business in Mr. Hilliard's office, for a committee reported January 19, 1835, ‘that the treasurer can be accommodated with an office in the room occupied by William Hilliard for a sum not exceeding five dollars per quarter,’ and at the same meeting, which was held at the Charles River Bank, it was voted ‘that the treasurer be authorized to furnish the said office with such furniture, etc., as he may think necessary.’ Its first deposit was ten dollars, received from Mehitable Holbrook, January 24, 1835. The bank appears to have been of pecuniary help to its depositors from the start, as Mr. Hayward's first report, made July 23, 1835, when the institution was six months old, shows that a dividend was made of twenty-eight dollars and twelve cents, and that the rate was four per cent. The amount then due depositors was $5896. The amount deposited in the bank during the year ending the fourth Thursday of January, 1846, was $22,424.85; for the year ending the fourth Thursday of January, 1856, $48,192.30; the same date in 1866, $186,887.67; in 1876, $420,184.91; in 1886, $428,046.90; and in the year ending the fourth Thursday of January, 1896, $602,409.03. The amount due depositors on the last-named date was $3,455,769.62.

Mr. John B. Dana was a constant worker for the interests of the bank, from the date of his election to the position of secretary to his decease, March 16, 1878. He acted in that capacity for six years, and was president for the same length of time. He was treasurer sixteen years, and trustee twenty-three years. James H. Wyeth, who is now in active service, has served the bank as auditor twenty years, and has been secretary and trustee for thirty-two years. But the most remarkable term of service in the history of the bank has been that of Mr. Andrew S. Waitt, whose chair has hardly ever been vacant at any meeting of the corporation board of trustees, or board of investment, for a period of forty years. The value of his services to the bank and community cannot easily be estimated.

The names of the presidents and treasurers who have served the bank, with dates of election, are here given. Presidents: [311] Asahel Stearns, elected January 5, 1835; Levi Farwell, elected December 10, 1838; Simon Greenleaf, elected January 22, 1845; Sidney Willard, elected January 24, 1849; Jacob H. Bates, elected January 21, 1852; Charles C. Little, elected January 25, 1854; Dr. Charles Beck, elected February 8, 1860; Stephen T. Farwell, elected April 9, 1866; John B. Dana, elected February 14, 1872; Charles W. Sever, elected March 16, 1878. Treasurers: James Hayward, elected December 19, 1834; John Owen, elected November 23, 1835; John B. Dana, elected January 27, 1841; William L. Whitney, elected January 21, 1857; Eben Snow, elected November 19, 1866; James M. Thurston, elected March 14, 1873; Oscar F. Allen, elected December 26, 1884. Clerk: James H. Wyeth, elected February 9, 1864.

Cambridgeport Savings Bank

Cambridgeport Savings Bank was incorporated in 1853 by Thaddeus B. Bigelow, Benjamin Tilton, George C. Richardson, Robert Douglas, Charles Wood, Thomas Whittemore, John Sargent, George W. Livermore, Edward Hyde, Jeremiah Wetherbee, Lucius R. Paige, William Greenough, John M. St. Clair, and Aaron Rice. The bank has been successful from its start; its deposits, January 13, 1896, were $3,857,575.49; the number of corporators, 23; number of depositors, 12,164. Its officers are Daniel U. Chamberlin, president; Lucius R. Paige, Asa P. Morse, and Henry Endicott, vice-presidents; Henry W. Bullard, treasurer.

North Avenue Savings Bank

North Avenue Savings Bank was incorporated March 2, 1872, and organized March 7, 1872, with the choice of Samuel F. Woodbridge, president; William Fox Richardson, Jonas C. Wellington, Cornelius Dorr, and Chandler R. Ranson, vice-presidents; George W. Parke, secretary. Its first board of trustees were Chester W. Kingsley, Warren Sanger, Daniel W. Shaw, Person Davis, John J. Henderson, Daniel Fobes, Henry C. Rand, Horatio Locke, John Davis, David Ellis, Levi L. Cushing, and James H. Collins. At the meeting of the trustees held July 8, 1872, Milton L. Walton was chosen treasurer. The growth of the bank was necessarily slow, owing to the fact that business was begun the year of the great Boston fire, and that the bank was located some distance away from the industrial centre of the city. On January 10, 1896, the deposits were $503,899.52, and there were 2291 depositors. The present officers are: Samuel F. Woodbridge, president; William [312] Fox Richardson, Cornelius Dorr, Charles F. Stratton, vice-presidents; Milton L. Walton, treasurer.

East Cambridge Savings Bank

East Cambridge Savings Bank was incorporated April 29, 1854. The charter members of the corporation were Frederic W. Holland, Joseph Whitney, George Stevens, William Parmenter, John S. Ladd, Caleb Hayden, Ephraim Buttrick, Lewis Hall, Lorenzo Marrett, Norman S. Cate, Charles B. Stevens, Samuel Slocomb, and Anson Hooker.

At the first meeting of the corporation the following board of officers was chosen: president, Frederic W. Holland; vice-presidents, George Stevens, Jesse Hall, and John Taylor; secretary, Ezra Ripley; trustees, Samuel Slocomb, Lewis Hall, Norman S. Cate, Anson Hooker, Lorenzo Marrett, Thomas Hastings, Silas B. Buck, William Wyman, Ezra Ripley, H. N. Hovey, J. S. Ladd, George Fifield.

At the first meeting of the trustees, John Savage, Jr., was elected treasurer, and on May 20, 1854, the bank was opened for business in the banking-rooms of the Lechmere Bank. Mr. Holland continued as president till his removal from the State in 1859, when George Stevens succeeded him and served as president until his death in 1894, when John C. Bullard was chosen.

Mr. Savage, the first treasurer, served in that capacity until 1873, when Samuel Slocomb was chosen, who continued in office until his death in 1887. Miss Mary Lowell Stone, the assistant of Mr. Slocomb, succeeded him, and served until her death in 1889, Mr. William E. Lloyd being then elected. Among those who have served as trustees of the bank appear the names of Moses Clarke, Knowlton S. Chaffee, Joseph H. Tyler, Isaac F. Jones, John H. Leighton, William Hunnewell, John Conlan, Edward W. Bettinson, Thomas S. Hudson, John M. Tyler, Daniel R. Sortwell, Israel Tibbetts, and Enos Reed.

The present board of officers is: president, John C. Bullard; vice-presidents, Lewis Hall, Silas B. Buck, and Alvin F. Sortwell; treasurer and secretary, William E. Lloyd; trustees, James M. Price, Andrew J. Green, Benjamin F. Thompson, Gustavus Goepper, John McSorley, William Goepper, James G. Ferguson, Frank H. Marshall, M. J. Harty, Edward H. Thompson, David Proudfoot, William R. Adams.

From its incorporation until the year 1873 the bank occupied the rooms of the Lechmere Bank. At that time the estate on [313] Cambridge Street formerly occupied by Dr. Anson Hooker was purchased, and a banking-room fitted up on the lower floor. Here the bank continued until the taking of the land by the county of Middlesex in 1895 compelled a removal. Land on the south side of Cambridge Street, midway between Third and Fourth streets (numbered at present 292), was purchased, and a building erected for the exclusive use of the bank. It is a one-story structure of stone, brick, and iron, as nearly fireproof as is possible. Never in its history has the bank failed to pay its depositors principal and interest, and always a high rate of interest, being one of the thirteen banks in the State which last year paid four and one half per cent. The amount of the total deposit at present is $2,271,977.91, an increase of $622,000 in five years. It has a large surplus—being in amount ten per cent. of the total deposits, and as large in proportion as that of any other bank in the State.

Manufactures.

Cambridge, in the possession of her great university, has a world-wide reputation, yet her manufacturing interests have so largely increased, and have become of such importance, that she has gained another distinction, that of being a great manufacturing centre.

Among the conditions that govern a manufacturer in selecting a place to establish business are favorable location, low price of land and convenience to railroads, a market for labor, and a fair tax rate. He seeks also pure water and an abundant supply, educational facilities, and proper surroundings for the home life of his employees. Cambridge is unsurpassed in all of these respects by any other place in the vicinity of Boston.

The Boston & Albany Railroad passes through the manufacturing district of Cambridge, and affords quick connection with all the other railroads centring in Boston. The advantage of tide-water so near at hand, and the cheapest possible water freights for coal and raw materials and for the delivery of manufactured products in all parts of the world, add to the attractions offered in Cambridge to great manufacturing industries.

Upwards of five million square feet of land available for manufacturing purposes, situated in the midst of large and [314] flourishing industries already established, are still to be occupied. This territory is distant less than one mile from the State House in Boston, and it can be purchased for a lower figure than that quoted for desirable locations in either East Boston, South Boston, or Charlestown.

Woodward Emery, Esq., chairman of the Massachusetts Harbor and Land Commission, referring to this section of Cambridge, says:—

The East Cambridge Land Co. was established under a charter from the Commonwealth more than quarter of a century ago, for the purpose of improving the vacant marsh lands in East Cambridge lying between Third and Portland streets, Broad, Canal, and Charles streets, and including about three million square feet of land. It was organized by Gardiner G. Hubbard, who may fairly be called the father of three great enterprises which have greatly benefited the city, to wit: the horse railroad, the gas company, and the water-works; the late Estes Howe, a name associated with many Cambridge enterprises of public interest and character; Charles W. Munroe, whose father owned and improved a considerable amount of real estate in the city; and their associates. The improvement of this property, by the laying out and building of streets, adapted it for manufacturing industries and mechanical enterprises. The Grand Junction branch runs through the property from north to south, with a spur track to the eastward, so located as to offer ready facilities to works which may become established upon its line. Since the development of this property, the company has sold more than two million feet of its land. The George F. Blake Manufacturing Co., The Boston Bridge Co., The Boston Woven Hose Co., The American Rubber Co., and others, have purchased, erected plants, and established large businesses in these lands. Many of these manufacturing plants were located in this locality after a thorough examination and exhaustive study; as the proprietor of one of them said: “Of the suburbs of Boston beginning at East Boston, and following the Boston and Albany Railroad through East Boston, Chelsea, Everett, Charlestown, Somerville, and Cambridge, and examining all vacant lands on railroads entering Boston not too remote for our purpose, the result of this careful examination was the choice of the present location of the works. The price was found very reasonable compared with any other [315] land so near Boston. We have at times made three round trips daily to different parts of Boston with heavily loaded teams. We have never regretted our choice of location, and believe that the steady and large growth of the business has been in no small degree due to the advantages of our situation. I have never been able to quite understand why those seeking choice situations for manufacturing plants have so far overlooked the exceptional advantages offered by this and other regions in Cambridge, unless it is due to the lack of proper public information.”

The foregoing testimony from one of the early settlers on these lands bears witness to the great advantages of locating in Cambridge industries of a kind for which its territory is so well adapted.

Cambridge has a population of intelligent operatives, and its nearness to the labor-market of the great city of Boston relieves the manufacturer of the problem where to obtain skilled labor, —a problem that in many places is a difficult one to solve.

Within the manufacturing district, and along the banks of the Charles River, Cambridge is building a system of parks, conveniently located and surrounding its entire territory. The workmen in the factories and the toilers in the shops thus have places easy of access, where throughout the hot summer months they can find green lawns, trees, sunlight, and fresh air, the necessary and welcome relief from the dusty streets and crowded tenements of a city. Every manufacturer will at once appreciate the effect of such parks upon the health, happiness, and morality of employees.

Commercial Avenue, which the Park Department is now constructing, will connect Main Street with Bridge Street and Prison Point Street, Charlestown. It will border the East Cambridge Embankment Park, which is to be finished from plans similar to those used for the Charlesbank on the Boston side. Along this avenue and facing the park will be found most admirable sites for the location of model apartment houses and homes for the workman and mechanic.

The educational facilities of Cambridge, its libraries and other institutions free to all, are fully described in the preceding chapters. They commend themselves to all manufacturers, for the greater the advantages given to their employees, the better will business interests be served. [316]

The Prospect Union is an institution that appeals directly to the wage-earner. It is located in the ‘old’ city hall on Massachusetts Avenue. This institution is peculiar to Cambridge, and is made possible by the cooperation of professors, teachers, and students from Harvard University, who give their time freely and without pay to its work. Its president shows fully and clearly in his paper in another part of this volume the value of the work to the wage-earner, and hence to the employer and to the city.

Another consideration that must have great influence in deciding a manufacturer to locate his business in Cambridge is the absence of the saloon. For ten years the people at the annual municipal elections have voted in favor of no license, and the effect upon the city is shown in many ways. Especially is there a marked decrease in the business of the police courts, and the large increase in the deposits in the savings banks, these deposits having increased from $6,136,257 in 1885 to $10,089,222 in 1896.

In fire protection the department under Chief Casey is one of the most efficient in the State. It numbers forty-three permanent and eighty-eight call men, and has in service seven steam fire-engines, with five hose wagons and two hose carriages, two chemical engines, two hook-and-ladder trucks, one aerial truck, and twenty chemical extinguishers. Eight hundred and sixty-seven hydrants are available for fire purposes. It has also reserve or spare apparatus composed of one steam fire-engine, two hose carriages, and one ladder truck. The appropriation for the maintenance of the department for 1896 is $85,500.

Cambridge has a competent police force, consisting of a chief, three captains, one inspector, eight sergeants, and eighty-two patrolmen. Two sergeants and twenty-two patrolmen are on duty in the daytime, and six sergeants and sixty patrolmen during the night-time. The appropriation for the police department for 1896 is $112,000.

Cambridge is fortunate in the possession of an independent water supply of pure water. The natural daily yield of Fresh Pond is about 1,000,000 gallons, the maximum supply of water which can be furnished through the thirty-inch main from Stony Brook basin is 8,000,000 gallons per day. The consumption of water in 1895 averaged almost 6,000,000 gallons [317] per day. Considering the average annual increase in the use of water during the last eight years, the limit of the present supply will not be reached until 1901. By that time the Hobbs' Brook basin will be completed, and the storage capacity so enormously increased that it can then be safely stated that Cambridge will have sufficient water for her needs for the next quarter of a century. The water board has ever shown rare judgment and marked ability in managing its department.

The Cambridge Mutual fire Insurance Co.

This company, which is now looked upon as one of the substantial and successful financial institutions of our city, had rather a precarious existence for a number of years subsequent to its organization in 1833. It was established by some of the most worthy and prominent merchants of the town; but not having had experience in the insurance business, they found hard work to keep the company alive. It however gave its policy holders indemnity for loss through the various years until 1850, by successive assessments, when new methods were adopted, and it gradually became stronger until the Boston fire of 1872 reduced its assets to about $50,000, with nearly $5,000,000 at risk.

During this time the company had long been under the presidency of the late Josiah W. Cook, with H. M. Chamberlain, Abram Lansing, Henry Thayer, and J. A. Smith as secretaries. In 1873 a change was made; Mr. Cook becoming aged and feeble, the management was placed in the hands of Alfred L. Barbour as secretary,—a Cambridge young man who had been educated in the public schools of our city, and who with an able board of directors has managed it ever since. Upon the death of Mr. Cook, Dana W. Hyde was elected president, and the company has increased its assets from $50,000 to nearly $240,000, owning its present fine building next to the city hall, and about $150,000 invested in good securities. The company stands now among the best of the mutuals of the State. [318]

Water is supplied to manufacturers at low rates, as is shown in the following

Table of comparative water rates in twelve cities.

First faucet.Additional faucet.Bath-tub.Water closet.Additonal bath-tub.Additional water closet.Hose.Maximum rate.Manufactures: per C gall.Steam and electric railroad: per C gall.Per hundred gals. for excess of amount over 5,000,000 gals. in any one year.
Cambridge, Mass.$4.00$2.00$5.00$3.00$3.00$2.00$5.00$20.001½c.231
Fall River.5.002.505.005.004.003.006.0030.503 for all purposes.
Fitchburg6.002.004.505.003.003.005.0028.503½c. for all purposes.
Lowell.6.00ave. 3.00ave. 3.001.002.003.00No limitVaries from year to year
Lynn.5.001.003.003.002.002.004.0024.002 for all purposes.
Springfield.8.006.004.004.002.002.005.0031.003 for all purposes.
Worcester.6.005.004.002.002.005.0024.002½c. for all purposes.
Hartford, Conn.6.001.003.001.003.00No limit2 for all purposes.
Providence, R. I.6.002.005.005.003.003.005.0040.002½c. for all purposes.
Manchester, N. H.5.001.002.501.252.501.255.00No limit2
Portland, Me.10.005.006.002.503.005.0040.00-
Erie, Pa.5.001.503.003.001.001.505.00No limit1 average rate.

[319]

The valuation of Cambridge and its assets and liabilities are also of interest in connection with this chapter on manufacturing.

Statement of the valuations of the personal property and real estate of the City of Cambridge, with the number of polls, dwellings, and rate of taxation for the past ten years:—

Year.Polls.Personal.Real Estate. Total.Dwellings.Rate per $1000
188616,534 1/214,490,470$44,955,200$59,445,6709,398$15.00
188717,139 1/413,358,91046,344,70059,703,6109,76116.00
188818,086 3/414,296,74048,420,60062,717,3409,92715.00
188918,307 1/214,960,10050,324,17565,284,27510,22216.00
189019,221 3/415,339,92552,235,00067,574,92510,61515.60
189120,731 1/416,508,77054,167,91470,676,68410,93215. 50
189222,013 1/417,687,59556,668,10074,355,69511,35916.00
189322,75217,511,08958,782,90076,293,98911,76816.40
189422,17216,658,32060,877,30077,535,62012,26215.80
189522,78116,607,36064,303,70080,911,06012,30515.70

Comparative statement by decades from 1855 to 1895.

1855.1865.1875.1885.1895.
Population20,63729,11247,83859,66081,519
Valuation$15,437,100.00$26,085,900.00$66,623,014.00$55,346,555.00$80,911,060.00
City Tax100,604.53267,708.601,060,396.52804,800.001,103,455.30
County Tax10,137.7818,280.9937,580.7329,381.5473,887.84
State Tax5,190.00118,487.0058,880.0044,835.0046,800.00
Tax rate per $10007.1015.0017.0015.5015.70
Total Expenditures173,533.58536,911.822,605,267.742,354,298.693,686,702.54
City Debt146,600.00833,092.004,106,843.212,361,396.503,913,634.23
Expenditures by Departments:--
Bridges890.319,007.7739,068.3911,829.7716,297.33
Cemeteries6,553.6716,742.2919,438.6680,399.2216,999.40
Fire Dept9,623.7021,958.7489,949.9959,341.15104,898.59
Lighting Streets2,987.329,062.2420,919.0432,269.0769,926.61
Pauper Dept.8,520.4121,481.5279,719.5456,338.24100,841.33
Police Dept.4,499.5622,833.1471,093.3578,357.73110,784.22
Public Library1,111.776,040.046,643.5121,034.83
Schools32,169.1681,842.47258,985.15227,511.77362,353.79
Sewers4,610.683,683.07135,432.2840,945.40149,459.89
Streets14,554.7335,638.38155,476.90148,088.65252,154.62
Water-Works20,327.79234,431.03485,691.04758,054.81

[320]

Balance Sheet of the City of Cambridge, December 1, 1895, showing Assets and Liabilities.

Assets.Liabilities.
Cemetery fund$33,657.39
City debt (contingent)$200,000.00
City of Cambridge (city property)3,552,188.88
City treasury (cash)268,516.87
Daniel White Charity (trust fund）5,000.00
Dowse Institute Fund (trust fund）10,000.00
Funded city debt2,756,000.00
Funded water debt2,215,500.00
Sanders Temperance Fund (trust fund）10,000.00
Sinking funds511,816.53
Sinking fund of water-works546,049.24
Taxes due the city267,320.13
Tax liens17,470.37
Tax sale ‘surplus’519.41519.41
———--———--
$5,197,019.41$5,197,019.41

The following is a schedule of property used for religious, charitable, and educational purposes, and exempt from taxation by law, not including that owned by the city of Cambridge, as shown on the assessors' books November 30, 1885:—

Churches$1,522,700.00
Young Men's Christian Association18,025.00
Charitable Institutions258,006.01
Cambridge Hospital211,794.71
Longfellow Memorial Association62,442.14
County buildings622,000.00
Harvard University8,740,848.00
Radcliffe College233,000.00
Episcopal Theological School368,840.41
New-Church Theological School134,039.00
Catholic Schools300,400.00
Cambridge Social Union18,700.00
Miscellaneous34,400.00
———--
$12,525,195.27

[321]

Manufacturing in Cambridge in the early part of the present century was confined principally to soap, cordage, and leather. In 1828 a young man named Charles Davenport, then but sixteen years of age, was apprenticed to George W. Randall, of Cambridgeport, to learn the woodwork of the coach and carriage making trade. In 1832 Captain E. Kimball and he bought Mr. Randall out, and he started for himself with two journeymen and four apprentices. Captain Kimball was landlord of the Pearl Street Hotel, and, in connection with a livery stable, ran a coach two or three times a day between Cambridge and Boston. He furnished the money. Mr. Davenport thereafter built all the carriages of the establishment. In 1833-34 the firm built a large number of all kinds of vehicles, including sleighs, and the first omnibus built in New England. In 1834 they took the contract to build some four-wheel railway cars for the Boston & Worcester Railroad, to seat twenty-four people each. They were the first ever designed with a passageway running from end to end between the seats.

In 1836-37 he built for the Eastern Railroad twenty four-wheel cars with platforms and doors on the ends and a passage through each car. His shop at this time was located on Main Street, where the Morse Building now stands. The firm names of Kimball & Davenport and Davenport & Bridges will long be remembered by railroad men. Mr. Davenport was the first large car-builder in the United States, and the first typical American railway passenger car was built in Cambridge from his design. [322]

The following table, made from figures obtained from Horace G. Wadlin, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, shows the amount of manufacturing in Cambridge in decades since 1845. A fair estimate of the industrial product at the present time would place the amount at fully $50,000,000.

manufactures in Cambridge for the year ending April 1, 1845.

goods made.Number of Establishments.Value.Capital Invested.Persons Employed
Ice-cutters or ice-plows1$1,128$3002
Latches and door-handles11,5001504
Glass3334,000362,000241
Starch18,4503,0004
Chemical preparations220,2502,2000
Musical instruments16,0002,5007
Brushes318,0004,30081
Saddles, harnesses, and trunks910,0302,45016
Upholstery11,0002001
Hats and caps424,5007,70031
Cordage431,0003,60032
Railroad cars. coaches, and other vehicles20208,00033,000127
Soap and tallow candles19358,347191,10096
Chairs and cabinet ware414,0003,50019
Tinware610,8004,20013
Leather618,7005,10020
Boots and shoes-45,596-91
Brick-86,460-168
Snuff, tobacco, and cigars-47,000-67
Whips-700-1
Blacking-4,200-2
Blocks and pumps-650-2
Mechanics' tools-2,000-4
Fancy and shaving soap-10,0003,0005
Oil bleached-95,00017,00010
Pocketbooks-2,5005004
Confectionery-29,4006,00018
Earthenware-2,0003002
Ladders-1,5002003
Sashes, blinds, etc.-11,6002,60014
Marble monuments, chimney-pieces, etc.-1,8001,0003
Paper hangings-10,5002,30016
Astral lamps-5001001
Stoves-3,0002,0004
Fringes and tassels-15,0002,00050
Surgical and other instruments-20,00010,00020
Barrels-1,6204003
Strong beer-6,0001,0002
Saws, hatchets, and other edge tools140,00025,00018

[323]

goods made.Number of Establishments.Value.Capital Invested.Persons Employed
Shovels, spades, forks, and hoes-2,0001,0002
Cards241,40025,0007
Firewood prepared-450-2
Woolen and cotton stuffs, silk and cotton handkerchiefs1150,00015,00020
Dyewoods, drug's, and spices3418,80027,00013
Mahogany turned and sawed222,00010,00014
————————————
94$2,137,981$776,7001,269

manufactures in Cambridge for the year ending June 1, 1855.

goods made.Number of Establishments.Value.Capital Invested.Persons Employed
Iron railing, iron fences, and iron safes1$1,200$1,0004
Britannia ware 140,00025,00025
Glass 2620,000575,000531
Starch114,0004,000 4
Chemical preparations24,6002,5004
Pianoforte actions310,0004,00010
Church organs112,0004,0008
Brushes3192,200114,000208
Saddles, harnesses, and trunks615,3005,20014
Upholstery13,0002,0003
Hats and caps5-16,50058
Cordage1-6,00010
Railroad cars, coaches, chaises, wag-ons, sleig'hs, and other vehicles7137,70017,80093
Oil2126,00030,0007
Soap and tallow candles161,300,000140
Chairs and cabinet ware5128,50068,000168
Tinware727,70015,20023
Linseed oil190,00050,00010
Hides tanned12,5001,5003
Leather curried290,00020,00018
Boots and shoes-23,600-51
Brick-1,834,000--
Snuff, tobacco, and cigars-388,700-42
Building stone-67,000-72
Blocks and pumps-10,0004
Sashes, doors, and blinds17,0002,0007
Gas120,000100,0006

[324]

goods made.Number of Establishments.Value.Capital Invested.Persons Employed
Bread7167,500-44
Type271,00017,00095
Boxes (soap, candle, and paper)434,00064,00036
Ladders18,0003,00020
Feather dusters15,0001,0005
Printing and bookbinding3175,00041,000120
Confectionery2110,00030,00018
Leather dressing110,0005,0003
Wood-turning125,00010,0002
Sweep sawing145,00020,0004
Planing-mills112,0004,0006
Cigar boxes18,0002,0002
Bacon260,00023,00030
Penrhyn marble1125,00060,00035
Wash leather16,0002,5004
Shovels and ladders15,0002,0004
Clothes and fish lines15,0002,0006
Marble110,0004,0006
Persian sherbet17,00010,0003
Pulpits16,0002,5005
Cement1-1,0002
Saws140,00030,00035
Cards12,0001,0002
Woolen goods118,60025
Mechanical tools-1,000-1
——————————————
108$4,821,100$2,698.7002,036

manufactures in Cambridge for the year ending May 1, 1865.

Number of establishments173
Value of goods made$6,942, 06311
Capital invested2,447, 55912
Value of stock used2,918, 43913
Males employed2,710
Females employed429

[325]

manufactures in Cambridge for the year ending May 1, 1875.

goods made.Number of Establishments.Value.Capital Invested.4Value of Goods Made and Work Done5
Artists'materials2$400$2,672
Barrels130,000201,000
Barrels and harnesses257,50056,650
Boats12,50018,000
Boilers, tanks, etc.255,000180,550
Boots and shoes73,1509,135
Bookbinding272,000435,300
Book and pamphlet printing3420,000551,000
Bread, cake, and pastry1346,800261,222
Brick7513,000249,275
Britannia ware, stationers' hardware, etc.130,00033,000
Brooms21,5009,375
Brushes390,000221,000
Building's8105,000377,500
Carriages, wagons, sleighs, etc.955,50083,885
Car springs16,00012,000
Car wheels120,00034,000
Cigars1212,30049,978
Clothing, men's614,55079,900
Coffins, robes, etc.2100,500175,350
Collars and cuffs, paper1140,000550,000
Confectionery and ice cream522,081131,375
Cordage36509,700
Crackers292,000500,000
Diaries1130,000150,000
Drain pipes, chimney tops, etc.110,00075,000
Earthenware260,70060,000
Engine polish, boiler composition, etc.15005,000
Fishing-rods1501,050
Furniture, house, church, and office10150,300616,837
Furnace registers and borders13,0008,725
Gas1950,000248,100
Glassware2500,000370,500
Glass syringes, tubes, etc.15005,000
Hardware110,00015,750
Hats and bonnets, women's1500800
Ice2125,00032,500
Iron castings110,00040,000
Iron rolled1160,000420,000
Ladders, steps, clothes driers, etc.215,00010,500
Leather5110,000605,646
Lumber planed, etc.110,00050,000
Machinery4386,000480,493
Mats, door14,0008,000
Medicines, proprietary2108,000170,000
Monuments, mantels tablets, etc.791,500138,080

[326]

goods made.Number of Establishments.Value.Capital Invested.6Value of Goods Made and Work Done7
Mouldings, brackets, boxes, etc.3265,000231,000
Newspapers, mag-azines, etc635,000103,600
Oil clothing and waterproof hats19,000 35,000
Oleomargarine and stearine150,00069,000
Organs, cabinet and church3571,0001,036,000
Patterns, wooden12001,000
Photographs15,00015,000
Pianofortes110,0006,060
Pianoforte actions212,00033,200
Piano and organ key-boards133,000137,604
Piano taborets14004,000
Picture frames35,30010,700
Pocketbooks11,0006,195
Printing, job321,00027,500
Pumps, wooden1300250
Roofing cement26,00017,500
Rum145,000199,347
Sausag-es35,50031,000
Shirts, cuffs, and collars15507,500
Shirts, overalls, and jumpers11,0004,000
Slippers110,000120,000
Soap, tallow, and candles9168,500928,800
Spring-beds and cots218,00051,300
Stair rails, balusters, etc.24,50022,550
Steel engravings12,0004,000
Sugar refined1500,0004,000,000
Telescopes120,00010,000
Tinware5204,850321,068
Trunks and valises13,00014,800
Tools for ice-cutting24,5009,790
Wood, sawed and turned165,00080,000
Washstands and woodwork for sewing-machines17001,550
Whips13001,200
——————————
Aggregates210$6,803,081$15,284,362

VALUE8 of buildings used for manufacturing purposes. Stock on hand, and machinery in Cambridge for the year ending May 1, 1875.

Number of establishments207
Value of buildings$1,644,025
Value of average stock on hand2,215,412
Value of machinery1,071,060
Value of imported machinery5,700

[327]

number of Establishments engaged in Manu-Facturing in Cambridge during the year ending June 30, 1885.

Artificial teeth and dental work11
Artisans' tools1
Boots and shoes33
Boxes (paper and wooden)6
Brick, tiles, and sewer pipe7
Brooms, brushes, and mops3
Building121
Burial cases, caskets, etc.5
Carpetings2
Carriages and wagons 31
Cement, kaolin, lime, and plaster2
Chemical preparations (compounded)2
Clothing67
Cooking, lighting, and heating apparatus1
Cordage and twine3
Drugs and medicines28
Dyestuffs1
Earthen, plaster, and stone ware2
Fine arts and taxidermy1
Food preparations45
Furniture24
Gas and residual products1
Glass2
Hair work (animal and human)1
Hose : rubber, linen, etc.1
Leather15
Liquors : malt, distilled, and fermented5
Lumber1
Machines and machinery10
Metals and metallic goods51
Musical instruments and materials9
Paints, colors, and crude chemicals1
Photographs and photographic materials7
Printing, publishing, and book-binding15
Railroad construction1
Rubber and elastic goods1
Scientific instruments and appliances3
Shipbuilding2
Sporting and athletic goods1
Stone15
Tallow, candles, soap, andgrease12
Tobacco, snuff, and cigars13
Trunks and valises1
Whips, lashes, and stocks1
Wooden goods 13
—–
All industries578

[328]

mechanical and manufacturing industries.No of Establishment Reporting.CapitalMiscellaneous Expenses.Average Number of Employees.Total Wages.Cost of Materials Used.Value of Goods Made and Work Done.
Value of Hired Property.Direct Investment.
Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting49$70,800$89,669$9,091153$107,382$53,572$195,805
Bookbinding-and blank-book making311,35010,9001,2183418,6254,51427,000
Boots and shoes, custom work84116,6508,82810,67212862,22026,338104,169
Boxes, wooden packing442,620172,33214,45517595,152119,042290,897
Bread and other bakery products35160,000381,06872,971506240,141741,3261,417,140
Brick and tile72,500691,83923,306576217,092159,180489,800
Brooms and brushes41,20085,7256,2435119,72443,963103,835
Carpentering10228,265564,09093,264707519,549733,2281,580,500
Carriage and wagon materials45,53840040552,2951,5244,700
Carriages and wagons1365,750171,67512,988172117,458104,303280,225
Clay and pottery products3-134,3002,4029643,67017,63082,700
Clothing, men's, custom work41137,45059,61513,49118892,59679,309202,888
Clothing, men's, factory product34,87597,5552,17517865,320156,512266,000
Clothing, women's, dressmaking281371,73540,16034,138605165,333263,698475,803
Coffins and burial caskets, trimming and finishing520,0005,6503,265117,25016,64427,800
Confectionery25104,061191,89519,479347142,062362,819684,875
Cooperage1443,90053,2819,82110556,34983,769160,467
Dentistry, mechanical1326,6253,2652,544158,1816,08917,450

[329]

Druggists' preparations 4030,81011,3053,0275012,25921,39143,514
Foundry and machine-shop products15292,8912,092,076423,1061,075704,081827,4892,478,730
Furniture, cabinet making, and upholstering3783,20031,5459,64611163,37653,905138,000
Furniture, factory product11257,100364,39858,652636425,349227,599756,740
Glass, cutting, staining, and ornamenting34,0006,400590128,4135,67619,200
Leather, tanned and curried3-42,7003,1437345,960300,450369,000
Locksmithing and gunsmithing69,6001,29592073,1431,9225,700
Looking-glass and picture frames312,7506,1001,574126,98010,95525,250
Lumber, planing-mill products 56,665223,00810.804225145,050193,156384,470
Marble and stone work828,125115,5004,24212796,370123,683264,000
Masonry, brick and stone4572,625131,20516,301362243,190143,156427,647
Mattresses and spring-beds45,27523,475984219,4099,10024,565
Millinery, custom work2461,10011,7975,7875821,40422,09751,800
Monuments and tombstones812,56596,3753,5296945,34921,40795,200
Musical instruments, organs, and materials3750903,23869,588380277,223197,077642,870
Musical instruments, pianos, and materials9256,460543,47165,984514329,514328,767907,813
Painting and paper-hanging 77127,37575,52016,904307213,71198,193356,800
Patent medicines and compounds33,25068050049501,6873,450
Photography613,1753,3851,47183,9002,6669,200
Plastering and stucco work1732,10025,5604,95610577,61030,610123,600
Plumbing-and gas-fitting32100,885112,42614,427201138,010142,921356,790
Printing and publishing, book and job8132,16689,17316,835279175,35942,033251,369
Printing-and publishing, newspapers and periodicals9333,1601,597,082318,558628379,438567,6711,556,056
Roofing and roofing materials1016,40012,9903,9294429,20519,49757,250
Saddlery and harness1434,1359,0853,2393019,70413,90146,599
Sausage34,3009,5751,1401710,55038,88855,750
Soap and candles880,112561,76939,610292160,676978,3621,303,870
Tinsmithing, coppersmithing, and sheet-iron working1878,400145,12731,37813173,403137,608319,603
Tobacco1330,55016,3505,6734022,74916,27254,431

[330]

mechanical and manufacturing industries.No of Establishment Reporting.CapitalMiscellaneous Expenses.Average Number of Employees.Total Wages.Cost of Materials Used.Value of Goods Made and Work Done.
Value of Hired Property.Direct Investment.
Watch, clock, and jewelry repairing1739,2504,6353,6983217,5502,97729,400
Wood, turned and carved411,20019,3003,0073622,69012,19536,846
All other industries 979552,68010,282,793895,1224,3201,996,83912,701,76318,367,522
All industries1,232$3,936,373$20,331,585$2,370,25214,258$7,759,813$20,268,534$35,975,089

[331]

mechanical and manufacturing industries.No of Establishment Reporting.CapitalMiscellaneous Expenses.Average Number of Employees.Total Wages.Cost of Materials Used.Value of Goods Made and Work Done.
Value of Hired Property.Direct Investment.
Watch, clock, and jewelry repairing1739,2504,6353,6983217,5502,97729,400
Wood, turned and carved411,20019,3003,0073622,69012,19536,846
All other industries1079552,68010,282,793895,1224,3201,996,83912,701,76318,367,522
All industries1,232$3,936,373$20,331,585$2,370,25214,258$7,759,813$20,268,534$35,975,089

[332]

Printing and publishing.

The history of printing in Cambridge shows conclusively that as a centre of the art the city has no rival of its size in the world. The combined output from the three great establishments, The Riverside Press, The University Press, and The Athenaeum Press is enormous, and ‘the civilizing and educating influence thus exerted can hardly be exaggerated.’

The first printing in the colonies was done in Cambridge, and is described in the following extracts from an address made to the members of the Citizens' Trade Association, in 1894, by the late Henry 0. Houghton.

Hon. H. O. Houghton's address.

The first printing in the English-speaking colonies of this country was done here in Cambridge. The history of its progress is very interesting.

A clergyman by the name of Glover left England with a printing-press, two or three workmen, and his family, for this country in 1638. He died on the passage, and the press was set up in January, 1639, in the house of the first president of Harvard College, Henry Dunster. This president was a man with an eye to the main chance, and he secured possession of the press by marrying the widow of the man who started from England with it, and he retained possession of it for many years. Some years afterwards, when the son of this widow had grown up, he brought suit for the recovery of the press. The president filed an account current in which he debited himself with an inventory of the press amounting to fourteen hundred and odd pounds sterling. He credited himself with his wife's board and several other incidental expenses, which looked very much as if he wanted to make as good an offset as possible. The difference between the two accounts amounted to about one hundred pounds, for which the president acknowledged himself as a debtor. The matter seems to have been taken out of the court and put into the hands of arbitrators, but there is no record of the president paying over to the heirs the amount adjudged against him. Some time after the receipt of the first press another was sent over by some society instituted for propagating the gospel among the Indians of this continent, and this press also fell into the hands of the president of the college, and the Indians are still unconverted. President Dunster also seemed to have great political influence, for he had a law passed that all the printing executed in the colonies should be done in Cambridge. There was also a law passed by the General Court appointing licensers of the press, and my impression is that the president was appointed on this board also, but of this fact I have not [333] been able to find sufficient corroboration. Stephen Daye was apparently an employee of the president. He was not a successful printer. He did not know how to spell or punctuate, or to do a great many things that printers are expected to do. He was soon after dismissed from the office. He then became a real-estate agent. Among other transactions he sold twenty-seven acres of land for a cow, a calf, and a three-year-old heifer. He also owned land in the outlying districts, mainly in Lancaster, Mass. In my judgment Mr. Daye was not in any sense the first printer. The first printer was Dunster. Although he did not set up type (it is not quite certain that Stephen Daye himself did), he was the controlling power of the press, and so far as a man who marries a printing press, and has control of it, can be called a printer, Dunster was that printer. After Mr. Daye left the press, which was very soon after new relations had been established, a man by the name of Greene, who came over with Winthrop, and was one of the boys of the town, became the manager of the press. He proved to be a very energetic man. He had charge of the press for forty years. He was elected captain of the militia of the town, and held that position for thirty years. After Greene died, for nearly seventy-five years, there was no printing press in Cambridge.

After the failure of the first press, a wonderful change took place in the colonies. While it existed, the press of Cambridge seemed to have a paralyzing influence on all enterprises of the kind. There were no newspapers and no other enterprises in the way of printing until after this press failed. It failed because it was a great monopoly. Immediately afterwards newspapers sprang up in Boston, Worcester, and other places, and soon after a press was established in Philadelphia and finally in New York. Franklin quarreled with his brother at Boston, and was driven to Philadelphia, and Bradford, on account of a quarrel with his brother Quakers, was driven to New York. So anxious were these people to find evidence against Bradford on account of his printing heretical matter in his newspaper, that they held up the form of type in order to see what was printed; but in doing this pied the type and destroyed the evidence against him. All these apparently little causes led to great results. The establishment of the newspaper led to the discussion of political questions, and those led eventually to the Revolutionary War.

This is from an informal address not intended for publication, but it is the only possible contribution from one whose chief interests were towards furthering the welfare of the city and the artistic improvement of the printing art.

Mr. John Wilson contributes the following interesting facts in regard to his father's important share in the improvement of American bookmaking:— [334]

When the mechanical execution of the books of fifty years ago is compared with that of to-day, every one must admit the superiority of the latter. This improvement was the result of various causes, among which I may mention the part taken by my father. As a man and an artist John Wilson, Sr., was an Old World product, possessing the liberal tendency and breadth of view of the New World. He combined with thorough mechanical training an excellent artistic taste, and also an intellectual appreciation of a good book, both in its literary and technical construction, which is rare either among printers or publishers. Indeed, his literary instinct amounted to a passion, so that he soon became (all by his unaided efforts) a scholar as well as a mechanic; and as Elihu Burritt was called ‘the learned blacksmith,’ so John Wilson, Sr., might truly have been called ‘the learned printer,’ knowing not only his own art to perfection, but knowing also the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and German languages; and being not only the maker of books for others, but the author himself of several. His ‘Treatise on Punctuation’ is an acknowledged authority on the subject. Emigrating from England to the United States in 1846, he established himself in business in Boston, the firm name being John Wilson & Son. Even before his removal to Cambridge, his fame as a skillful and artistic printer was wide-reaching; and this, in connection with the intelligence and enterprise of others,—notably Welch and Bigelow, and the Hon. H. O. Houghton,—served to give an impetus to an art already well advanced, which seemed, especially from that time, to gain renewed vigor and to make more rapid strides than it had done for many generations in the making of beautiful books. This marked improvement in the art of printing in this country was doubtless due in great measure to the honorable competition of the three Cambridge houses,—the University Press, the Riverside Press, and the Wilson Press.

The Riverside Press.

The publishing house of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. has its offices in Boston, New York, and Chicago, but its manufactory and shipping department are in Cambridge, and the manufacture of books, whether for the Boston house or for other publishers, is carried on at the establishment known as The Riverside Press. The estate on Blackstone Street comprises a tract of ground about four acres in extent. The buildings are separated from the public highway by a large open inclosure, and the Park system, when completed, will provide a wide roadway by the place. The river itself affords an important waterway, so that coal is brought in bulk and stored in capacious sheds on the bank. The original building, a three-story structure of brick, sixty feet by forty, may be distinguished from the pile in which it is [335] imbedded by its old-fashioned style, and its domestic dormer windows. It is connected with the fireproof warehouses that stand on the bank of the river and forms an extension of the main building, which has a frontage on the east of one hundred and seventy feet, and on the north nearly as great. In addition to this main building, the original structure, and the connected line of warehouses, there is a brick safe one story high for the storage of electrotype and stereotype plates, a capacious engine and boiler house, and a large building where the lithographic department is housed. This building is two hundred feet long by seventy-five in width for half its length, and forty-five feet in width for the remainder. It has a high basement, and one lofty story lighted with a monitor roof.

The distribution of material and apparatus and the organization of work in these several buildings is planned to secure the greatest safety to property, the least possible handling of books in their process of manufacture, and the best conditions of healthy work on the part of the large number of men, women, and boys employed in this industry. The separation of the group from other buildings and its free space give the establishment a large immunity from the danger of fire, and the concentration of power also lessens the danger and economizes the force. A Corliss engine of one hundred horse-power operates the entire machinery in all the buildings,—for the great detached lithographic building seventy-five feet away is connected by a tunnel with the main group. Steam is supplied by three upright boilers, each of one hundred horse-power. Two Knowles steam fire-pumps are always in readiness for use. All of the buildings are connected by automatic fire alarms, as also with the city fire department. The Grinnell automatic sprinkler is in place throughout, and a fire brigade, composed of sixty-five men employed at the Press, is kept in constant training. This department is under the charge of one of the firm, who not only makes repeated tests of the order of the apparatus but calls out the fire-brigade from time to time on false alarms. Thus the men are kept in practice. Electricity is used throughout in lighting the premises.

The founder of the business, which now employs some seven hundred persons, was the late Henry Oscar Houghton, at one time mayor of Cambridge, and a resident of the city for nearly fifty years, till his death in 1895. The office was first established in 1849 in Remington Street, but more room was soon needed, and Mr. Brown, of the publishing firm of Little, Brown & Co., bought the original premises on Blackstone Street, formerly used by Cambridge as a house for the town poor, and standing almost in the open country. Mr. Houghton and Mr. Brown were desirous of giving the new press a significant name, and tried various experiments till Mr. Brown said one day: [336] ‘This press stands by the side of the Charles River; why not call it The Riverside Press?’ and this most natural name was then given it, so that now the term Riverside has come to cover a thickly populated district and to be applied to various neighboring industries.

The University Press.

The history of the University Press at Cambridge dates back to 1639, making it the oldest book-printing establishment in America. One of the earliest books issued by the Press while under the charge of Samuel Greene is still in existence, being cherished as a valued relic of the printer's art in the Massachusetts Historical Society. The volume is entitled ‘The General Laws and Liberties of the Massachusetts Colony,’ revised and reprinted by order of the General Court holden in Boston, May 15, 1672, according to the printed statement of Edward Rawson, secretary. The imprint shows that the book was printed in Cambridge by Samuel Greene, for John Usher of Boston, in 1672. The type on the title page is included within a double rule border. Its covers are of the sort that legal books of a century ago were generally inclosed within, and the frayed edges of the leaves are the color of sienna. The leaves are untrimmed. The book is about 13 by 7 by 1 1/4 inches,—a medium folio of its day. The typographical characters are peculiar when contrasted with the present art of type-casting, being poorly cut and liable to get out of alignment. That the Press had a considerable variety of fonts of type is apparent when one glances at this book of 1672. Mr. Greene had some strange ornamental cuts in his office, one of which embellished the first page of matter in the book. It shows two cherubs puffing their cheeks into trumpets at a grim skeleton just emerging from an open coffin.

Other notable books printed by the Press during its early years were the ‘Indian New Testament,’ in 1661, and the ‘Indian Bible,’ in 1663, the second edition of which was in press six years, and was issued in 1685.

Mr. Greene died in 1701, and after his death no printing was done in Cambridge until 1761, when the Press was reestablished by the college, and was maintained by it or by private parties up to 1803, by which time it had gained firm foundation. The college catalogue bearing this date was undoubtedly printed at the University Press, and the catalogue of 1805 shows that William Hilliard was in charge of the printing at that time. In 1811 an edition of Dalzel's ‘Collectanea Graeca Majora’ was printed by the Press. Its imprint shows that Eliab W. Metcalf had become associated with Mr. Hilliard at this time.

Two years later, Charles Folsom, a graduate of the class of 1813, and Librarian of the college from 1823 to 1826, became identified with [337] the Press, and his scholarship did much to increase the high reputation it had already gained for accuracy and elegance of workmanship. At this time nearly all the text-books used in the college were printed here. Mr. Folsom became known as the ‘Harvard Aldus,’ and during his proprietorship books were printed in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, Italian, German, and Spanish. Among other books issued at this time may be mentioned Sparks's edition of Washington's Writings, and his ‘American Biography,’ and Prescott's histories.

In 1842 the Press passed into the hands of Charles R. Metcalf, Omen S. Keith, and George Nichols, but within a year or two Mr. Keith retired, and Marshall T. Bigelow entered the firm. In 1859 the firm-name was changed to Welch, Bigelow & Co., and as such gained a still wider reputation for skilled book-making. In 1879 John Wilson and Charles E. Wentworth became the proprietors, and largely increased the capacity of the Press by adding to it the well-known establishment of John Wilson & Son.

During these years many remarkable books were produced. The productions of Holmes, Sparks, Prescott, Ticknor, Palfrey, Judge Story, Quincy, Everett, Hilliard, Dana, Longfellow, Hawthorne, Whittier, Emerson, Lowell, and many others, first issued from this press, gave evidence of its well-earned reputation for accuracy and scholarship.

In 1895 the Press was incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts, with John Wilson as president, and Henry White as treasurer. In order to give enlarged opportunities for executing work, the plant has just moved into a commodious brick building near its old location, facing the Charles River. The new plant is equipped with the most modern improvements, being the first in New England to introduce individual electric motors for power for each separate press or machine. This is but in keeping with its previous history, as the first Adams and the first Hoe stop-cylinder presses made in this country were used by the University Press. The process of electrotyping early superseded the old system of stereotyping at the University Press, and has here been brought to its highest state of perfection.

Athenaeum Press.

That certain portions of Cambridge offer exceptional advantages to manufacturers is clearly demonstrated by the recent action of Ginn & Co., the well known schoolbook publishers. After very careful examination of all available land in and about Boston, they finally decided that on the banks of the Charles River, within a radius of one mile from the State House, was the best possible location for their extensive publishing plant. Here they obtained land at a reasonable price with abundant light, so difficult to secure in the crowded city and so essential [338] to the best quality of work. Near by are all the great freight stations, affording the best advantages for shipping in all directions. Lines of electric cars bring their employees from any part of Boston or suburbs almost to the door. The favorable location and the character of the building reduced the cost of insurance to the minimum.

The Athenaeum Press, as the owners style their building, was designed by Messrs. Lockwood. Greene & Co., mill engineers of wide reputation, who have spared no pains to make this as nearly as possible a model building for manufacturing purposes. Practically fireproof, it is built on two sides of a square, with a frontage of two hundred feet on each street and a depth of seventy feet, with a power-house, in addition to the main building, in the rear. The structure is of brick five stories high, with brown-stone trimmings, the whole surmounted by a terra-cotta statue of Athena, made especially for this building by Siligardi, of Florence, Italy. Any one approaching the city by way of the West Boston Bridge is forcibly impressed with the noble proportions and substantial character of this building.

In designing and equipping the plant, not only has the closest attention been made to the requirements of manufacturing in the most economical manner, but the health and comfort of the employees have been constantly kept in view. Fresh air warmed over steam coils is forced through the building by means of an enormous fan, and the impure air is drawn out at the roof by smaller ones. The plumbing is of the best quality. The different departments are connected by telephone with each other, and by a private line with the office in Tremont Place, Boston. The fire-proof plate vaults and rooms for storage of books, together with complete fire equipment, make it almost impossible to suffer any serious loss by fire. The whole plant is lighted with eight hundred incandescent and thirty arc lights, fed by a current generated on the premises. The engine-room, with its tiled floor and wellpol-ished fittings, is a model of its kind. The different departments occupy about three acres of floor space, and here may be seen the most improved machinery known to the printing and binding business. Typesetting machines, automatic folders, presses printing maps in two colors at once,—all demonstrate the wonderful ingenuity and mechanical skill of the present age. The output of this establishment is at present ten thousand books per day, and that number can be doubled in case of necessity.

There is a sort of poetic justice in the establishment of Ginn & Co.'s Press in Cambridge, for a large number of their publications are edited by Cambridge men. Their first book, ‘Craik's English of Shakespeare,’ edited by W. J. Rolfe, was published about the year 1867. Then followed the well-known series of Latin books by Allen and Greenough; the Greek Grammar, by Prof. W. W. Goodwin; Greek [339] Lessons, by Prof. J. W. White; the ‘Harvard Shakespeare,’ by Dr. Henry N. Hudson; the mathematical works of Prof. J. M. Peirce and Prof. W. E. Byerly, and many others.

Among the other books most widely known and most extensively used, of the eight hundred now published by the house, are the Wentworth Series of Mathematics, the National Music Course, by Luther Whiting Mason, Whitney's Essentials of English Grammar, Lockwood's Lessons in English, Collar and Daniell's Beginner's Latin Book, Young's Series of Astronomies, Blaisdell's Physiologies, Gage's Physics, the series of Classics for Children, Montgomery's, Myers's, and Allen's Histories, and Frye's Geographies.

It has been the aim of this house to make a careful study of the problems of education, and it has spared no pains to secure the best editorial talent possible. Its list now includes books by the leading educational men all over the country, and in almost every town in the United States some of their publications are used. The house has for many years been second to none in the educational value of its books, and in the short space of a little over a quarter of a century has grown to be the largest single schoolbook house in America. It has branch offices in New York, Chicago, Columbus, Atlanta, Dallas, and London, England. Over fifty traveling agents are employed in the work of introducing its books.

The following members compose the firm:—

Edwin Ginn, of Boston, the founder of the house; G. A. Plympton, of New York; Fred B. Ginn, of Oakland, Cal.; Justin H. Smith, of Boston; T. P. Ballard, of Chicago; Lewis Parkhurst, of Boston; S. S. White, of Boston; O. P. Conant, of New York; Ralph L. Hayes, of Philadelphia; T. W. Gilson, of Chicago; F. M. Ambrose, of New York; and H. H. Hilton, of Chicago.

The Cambridgeport Diary Company.

The publication of diaries is a long established and important industry in Cambridge, especially identified with the city by the fact that these useful little books are known to the trade the country over as ‘the Cambridgeport Diaries,’ though properly named the ‘Standard Diaries,’ and familiar to vast numbers of people in every State in the Union by this title.

In the fall of 1850 Edwin Dresser and Eben Denton, under the firm name of Edwin Dresser & Co., began the manufacture of diaries and memorandum books in two small rooms on Main Street, near Norfolk Street. The business increased, and soon a removal was necessary to larger quarters on Main Street, opposite Brookline Street.

Here for a time James Prince Richardson—well known as the captain of the first company of volunteers which left Massachusetts for [340] the defense of the Union in 1861—was connected with the business. In 1857, Henry M. Chamberlain erected a building on Magazine Street of which the firm—then Denton & Wood—took entire possession on a long lease, afterward purchasing the building and adding to it from time to time as the demands of business warranted.

The use of diaries increased enormously during the war, the soldiers at the front and the families left behind being equally zealous to keep a record of those stirring events. Many of the employees enlisted in the army and did honorable service, while members of their families were furnished remunerative employment in the growing business.

In February, 1867, Eben Denton sold out his interest in the firm to Mr. Dresser, and the firm became Wood & Dresser; and in 1871, Mr. Dresser bought out the interest of Caleb Wood, and the firm name again became Edwin Dresser & Co.

In February, 1873, the business was incorporated under the general law of the State as the Cambridgeport Diary Company, other diary publishing houses being combined with the original and successful establishment.

The officers of the new corporation were: Edwin Dresser, president and general manager; George W. Parker, treasurer; J. Augustine Wade, superintendent; and under these officers—except that in 1877 Albert S. Parsons succeeded Mr. Parker as treasurer — the business has been run from that date to the present time, proving one of the most stable and reliable industries in the city.

The company employs a large force of skilled printers, bookbinders, and pocket-book makers of both sexes, most of whom have been brought up in the business from childhood, many having been with the founder of the industry, Edwin Dresser, from the start in 1850. Especial care has always been paid to the character of the employees, and the result is a body of self-respecting and permanent citizens, a credit to the company and to their city.

J. A. Wade, the superintendent, began as a boy in 1851, and has practical knowledge of every detail of the processes of manufacture. The Magazine Street building, quite isolated when built, and for many years a sort of landmark, is now surrounded by residences of elegance and comfort, and the company, feeling the locality unsuited for manufacturing purposes, and having outgrown the building, in January, 1889, bought twelve thousand square feet of land on the corner of Blackstone and Albro streets, in a section occupied by kindred industries, such as the Riverside Press, the Little & Brown Bindery, etc., erecting in that year a fine four-story brick building, containing twenty-five thousand square feet of floor space, and built on the most substantial and approved ‘mill-construction’ methods, it being fireproof and admirably adapted to the needs of the business [341] from basement to roof. Into this new permanent home the company moved in February, 1890.

Here the best paper of the best mills of Western Massachusetts is received and transformed into diaries of varied sizes, styles, and qualities, bound into covers of cloth, or leathers of every grade, domestic and imported, the crude material turned out a well-finished product, creditable alike to the company, its employees, and the city in which the industry has been built up and developed.

In the pockets of rich and of poor in the cities, or of farmers in the fields, in counting-rooms, stores, and shops, in houses of luxury or in modest homes all over America, these Cambridge-made diaries are to be found, all bearing the title, ‘Standard Diary,’ and by their use, let us hope, encouraging methodical habits, thrift, and well-ordered lives.

In addition to these three large printing establishments just enumerated, there are several small job offices, where books and pamphlets are printed. Among these may be mentioned the following:—

The College Press,

Cambridge Cooperative Society,

J. Frank Facey,

Graves & Henry,

Harvard Printing Company,

Lewis J. Hewitt,

Jennings & Welch,

F. L. Lamkin & Co.,

G. B. Lenfest,

Lombard & Caustic,

Powell & Co.,

C. H. Taylor & Co.,

Louis F. Weston,

Edward W. Wheeler.

Some of these houses print the various magazines issued by the students of Harvard University; and all send out very good and acceptable work.

J. H. H. McNamee.

J. H. H. McNamee, bookbinder, began business in 1880, in the third story of the building now occupied by Claflin's drug store. His assistant at that time was one boy. In 1883 larger quarters were needed, and he removed to the building on the corner of Massachusetts Avenue and Linden Street. Business has since continued to increase, and he has removed to the large building which he has erected at No. 26 Brattle Street.

Mr. McNamee does a large business with public libraries, and his customers are scattered all over the country. He employs thirty-five people, and during the year 1895 forty thousand volumes passed through his hands. The class of work turned out varies from the leather bindings, used by colleges and public libraries, to the costly tool-finished volumes for collectors.

[342]

Musical instruments

The Mason & Hamlin Co.

In 1854 Henry Mason and Emmons Hamlin formed a partnership for the manufacture of melodeons, and in 1861 the American cabinet or parlor organ was introduced in its present form by that firm. The merits of the improved instrument were soon recognized, and the organs were sold in all parts of America.

The manufacture was commenced on Cambridge Street, Boston, in a small way, but business increased so rapidly that the buildings they occupied were found inadequate. In 1874 they removed to Cambridgeport and built the extensive factory on the corner of Broadway and Brewery Street, which they now occupy. The buildings cover thirty-five thousand square feet of land, and contain one hundred and fifty thousand square feet of working floor space. The first Mason & Hamlin organ was made in 1854 and the first piano in 1881. The capacity of the factory is ten thousand organs and fifteen hundred pianos annually. Nearly four hundred men are employed, and the pay-roll is about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars per year.

The Mason & Hamlin organs and pianos are sold in nearly all parts of the civilized world, but the largest single shipment for export made by this company was in December, 1892. Twenty-one teams, carrying one hundred and seventy-six organs, were loaded in one day and delivered at the Cunard Docks to be forwarded to Liverpool. The warerooms of the company are on Boylston Street, Boston.

Samuel S. Hamill.

Cambridge is not far behind her sister cities in the art of church-organ building. Pipe organs have been built here since 1809. William M. Goodrich, of Templeton, Mass., began building church organs in Boston in 1799. Ten years later he moved his factory to the Third Ward, Cambridge, at the corner of Fifth and Otis streets. He continued the art till the time of his death, which occurred in 1833. He was succeeded by Stevens & Gaieti, at the same stand, and subsequently by George Stevens, once mayor of Cambridge. Mr. Stevens pursued the same business till 1891.

Mr. S. S. Hamill established himself in the art of church-organ building in 1859, on Gore Street near Fifth, where he remained till 1889. Finding his old factory too small for the increasing demand, he put up a new one on Bent Street, near Sixth, opposite the Boston Bridge Works, where he now is.

During his thirty-six years business, he has built and put up over eight hundred church organs, by contract, which have been put in [343] churches in nearly every State in the Union from Maine to California, besides quite a number for Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, also for the West Indies, among which may be mentioned the celebrated organ in the Cathedral of San Felipe at Havana, Cuba; also those in the churches of El Monseratte, and Chapel of the Convent of La Merced, of the same city, and some of the noted organs in the principal cities of the United States.

Mr. Hamill acquired the art in New York city in 1845, and is thoroughly experienced and skillful in the manufacture of these noble instruments.

Ivers & Pond Piano Co.

W. H. Ivers began business in Dedham, Mass., in 1876, and the present company was formed in September, 1880. The following year they moved to Cambridgeport, and occupied the building on Albany Street where W. H. C. Badger & Co. are now located. The same year they built a portion of their present factory on the corner of Main and Albany streets, one hundred feet long, fifty feet wide, and five stories high. In 1883 they added to this another section one hundred feet by fifty, six stories high, and in 1886 a final addition seventy feet by sixty, and at the same time raised the first factory another story.

When the company began business in Cambridge the output was from six to ten pianos each week, and about twenty men were employed, with an average pay-roll of fifteen thousand dollars per annum. The capacity of their factory at this time is from twenty-five hundred to three thousand pianos per annum. One hundred and seventy-five men are employed, and the annual-pay roll is about one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. The Boston warerooms were located on the ground floor of the Masonic Temple from 1886 to 1895. Since the Temple was burned they have occupied large rooms at 114 Boylston Street.

The Ivers & Pond Co. have been successful from the start, and they at this time own the factory and real estate which they occupy. On February 1, 1896, they reported an undivided surplus of three hundred thousand dollars.

The officers of the company are as follows: William H. Ivers, president; George A. Gibson, secretary and treasurer; Handel Pond, general manager; John B. Dayfoot, superintendent.

The George W. Seaverns Piano action Co.

The business was established in 1851 by George W. Seaverns in a building on State Street known as Osborn's mill. Twice it was seriously interrupted by fire, once in 1855 and again in 1874. In the latter year Mr. Seaverns decided to seek larger quarters, and accordingly [344] leased a portion of the Greely mill, their present location. The business increased so rapidly that they were obliged to lease the adjoining buildings, where they now have an extensive plant.

In 1889 the business was incorporated under its present name, with a capital of fifty thousand dollars. The company consists of George W. Seaverns president, with Frank H. and Walter G. Seaverns as directors.

The Seaverns actions have been placed in more than two hundred and fifty thousand pianos, and are used by many of the leading piano manufacturers in the United States.

The standard action Co.

David A. Barber, George Bates, and Willis Mabry began the manufacture of pianoforte actions under the above firm name January 1, 1889. In 1890 Horace T. Skelton was admitted an equal partner; the firm has remained unchanged since that date. The product of the house is sold all over the Union where pianos are made. The volume of business has increased rapidly, and there are at present one hundred employees on the pay list. The present capacity is seventy-five hundred actions per year. The factory is located on the Allen & Endicott Building Co.'s estate bordering on Main and Osborn streets. The facilities of the concern will be doubled during this present year.

Daniel E. Frasier.

In 1866 Daniel E. Frasier and Alpheus K. Smith formed a partnership and began the manufacture of pianoforte hammer covers. In 1885 Mr. Smith retired from the firm, and the business has since been conducted by Mr. Frasier.

The material used for hammer covers is imported from Leipzig, Germany; the goods manufactured are sold to the leading houses in both the East and the West.

George R. Oliver.

Mr. Oliver began the manufacture of piano cases in Cambridgeport in 1888; his business has since increased rapidly, and he now employs about fifty men.

Sylvester Tower.

The group of factory buildings 145 Broadway, Cambridgeport, is owned by Sylvester Tower, and the business conducted is the manufacture of piano keys and organs. A considerable number of men are employed.

C. A. Cook & Co.

are manufacturers of piano stools and taborets. Their factory is on Osborn Street, Cambridgeport.

[345]

Machinery and boiler manufacture.

Edward Kendall & Sons.

Edward Kendall, the senior member of this firm, with John Davis, of Cambridge, originated the business in 1860, under the firm name of Kendall & Davis. This partnership continued for several years, when Mr. Davis withdrew, and soon after George B. Roberts, of Cambridge, became associated with Mr. Kendall, forming a partnership known as Kendall & Roberts, which continued for more than twenty years. The recognized superior quality of their work secured for the firm a prominent position among the leading concerns in their line in this country. This fact, together with the rapid development of manufacturing in New England after the war, caused their business to increase rapidly, and their shops were almost always running at full capacity, a fact which, on account of the comparatively crude methods employed in the manufacturing of boilers in those days, could not be kept quiet. It was remarked some years ago by a prominent clergyman of Cambridge, that the rattling of the windows in some newly purchased street-cars was almost as noisy as Kendall & Roberts's boiler works. They furnished steam plants for many of the largest manufacturing establishments in New England, and also sent their boilers to all parts of the country.

In 1887 Mr. Roberts retired from the firm, selling his interest in the business to Mr. Kendall, and since that date the business has been carried on by the present firm, the members of which are Mr. Edward Kendall and his sons, George F. and James H. They have reorganized their entire plant, erecting new and larger buildings, and replacing their old machines with new ones of the latest and most approved types. Their shops have a floor area of about forty-five thousand square feet, and their present capacity is more than twice what it was when they succeeded to the business.

The volume of their business has steadily increased, and, when running at full capacity, they employ about two hundred men, and their consumption of iron and steel last year amounted to about six thousand tons. Although there have been many extensive concerns in this kind of manufacturing organized in all parts of the country, Edward Kendall & Sons still occupy a position among the largest and most reliable.

They have given especial attention to boilers constructed for high pressures, such as are used for the largest mills, in connection with their compound and triple expansion engines. For this purpose they build horizontal tubular boilers, and also upright boilers, such as the ‘Manning’ and other designs.

Notwithstanding the local competition in other parts of the country, [346] they still secure orders from industries of various kinds in all quarters, from the copper and iron mines of Lake Superior to the cotton, lumber, and sugar mills of the South and West. They have also sent their boilers across the Pacific to China, and across the Atlantic as far east as Constantinople, and also to South America.

Barbour, Stockwell Co.

The Barbour, Stockwell Co. is the result of the consolidation of the business of three separate firms.

The firm of Allen & Endicott was established about forty years ago by Caleb C. Allen and Henry Endicott. They were at first located in Boston on North Grove Street, where they built engines and boilers, and carried on a general machine-shop business.

In 1858 they purchased property on Main Street, at the corner of Osborn Street, in this city, which had been for some time owned and occupied by Davenport & Bridges, car builders. Their works were moved out from Boston, and they remained at this place until 1873, when they disposed of the business but retained their ownership in the real estate. The new firm was known as Morrill & Hooker, and consisted of Alfred Morrill and Henry Hooker, both of Cambridge.

In 1878 Mr. Allen purchased the interest of Mr. Hooker for his son, Albert F. Allen, and the firm became Morrill & Allen. On the death of Albert F. Allen, Mr. Morrill continued the business under the name of Alfred Morrill & Co., until 1890, when he retired from active business, and transferred the good-will, stock, tools, and fixtures to Barbour & Stockwell.

The Cambridge Railroad was built while the business was in the hands of Allen & Endicott, and they were called upon to furnish a large part of the track material used. The building of other roads rapidly followed, and the activity in this field added a permanent and important branch to their already large and successful business.

The old firm of Denio & Roberts was started in Boston about 1850, and for many years carried on business in different places at the West End. They were the first to build a machine for cutting crackers and biscuits, and for a long time their machines were the only ones on the market or in general use. A few of the machines built by them are still in use in small bakeries, but the greater part of them have long since been supplanted by those of modern construction. As the manufacturers of bakery products began to educate the public taste by supplying a better quality and a far greater variety of goods, their business increased very rapidly, and the old machines were not accurate enough, nor of sufficient capacity to meet the increased demand. This led to many improvements, and developed, by the usual [347] processes of evolution, machines that are little short of marvelous in these respects. Those not familiar with the methods practiced in a well-equipped modern bakery have but little idea of the extent to which machinery is used, or of the great changes that have been wrought by it in the baker's art since the days of our grandfathers. Then the skill of an operative lay in his ability to turn out a small quantity and a very limited variety of goods with his own hands, and such simple hand implements as are familiar to all good housewives. To-day there is little, and in most bakeries no hand work done, and the skill of a mechanic lies in his knowledge of the machines, and how to get from them the largest amount and the highest quality of goods they are capable of producing.

The business of Denio & Roberts changed hands several times, and competitors arose in the West and elsewhere, but each of the successive owners of the concern in Boston added something to the efficiency of the machinery built by it,—indeed, they were forced to do so, because in order to live they had to be progressive.

In 1886 it passed from the hands of W. O. Taylor Co. into those of Barbour & Stockwell,—Walworth O. Barbour, of Cambridge, and Frederic F. Stockwell, of Somerville, who continued the business at No. 11 Chardon Street, Boston.

The firm of Walworth O. Barbour & Co. was founded in 1882, and consisted of Mr. Barbour, Alfred Morrill, and Albert F. Allen, all of Cambridge. Previous to that time the Walworth Manufacturing Co. had occupied the greater part of the building owned by Allen & Endicott, but they had moved to the new works purchased by them at South Boston. Mr. Barbour had been in their employ for about eight years as clerk and paymaster. This office he resigned to take charge of the affairs of the new firm. The foundry just vacated by the Walworth Manufacturing Co. was leased of Messrs. Allen & Endicott, and a general jobbing business in gray iron castings was started.

On the death of Mr. Allen his interest passed into the hands of Mr. Morrill, and on Mr. Morrill's retirement he disposed of all his share in the foundry to Mr. John P. Winlock, who had for seven or eight years been foreman of the foundry.

In 1890 the foundry, the Allen & Endicott business in Cambridge, and the old Denio & Roberts business in Boston, were merged into one concern under the name of Barbour, Stockwell & Co. Contemplated improvements in the building of Messrs. Allen & Endicott, as well as the necessities for larger facilities for turning out work, forced the concern to seek new quarters.

A lot of land containing a little over two acres, and bounded by [348] Broadway, Market, Clark, Hampshire, and Davis streets was purchased, and buildings erected, as follows:—

A foundry 175 by 75 feet, a machine shop 52 feet wide and 300 feet long on the first floor, 150 feet on the second and third floors, and a wareroom and pattern storage building, 160 by 60 feet, three stories high. The new quarters were ready for occupancy by the spring of 1891. The machinery from the Boston shop, as well as that from the foundry and shop in Cambridge, was moved in and set up.

In 1893 the firm was incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts, under the name of Barbour, Stockwell Co.

Various causes have combined to bring about a rapid increase in the volume of business since the consolidation was effected. The increase in the last five years has been more than one hundred per cent., a large part of which is due to the impetus given to street railway building by the introduction of electricity as a motive power. With the new system heavier cars were brought into use, and the old track, which had been good enough for horse-car service, was found to be altogether too light for the heavier cars and increased speed of the new method.

It soon became necessary to replace all the tracks with heavier rail, and new and improved types of special work replaced the old as rapidly as they could be procured and laid. Nor was the demand for new material confined to the old roads. New enterprises in street railway building were inaugurated in every section of the country, and this soon became a favorite form of investment.

While this company furnishes but a small part of the great aggregate of the material used in this industry, and has to meet the competition of much larger concerns in the West, still it has a large and growing trade in this class of work.

In the foundry it has a capacity of thirty to forty tons of gray iron casting a day, and furnishes a large amount of cast iron work to the machinery and building trades of Boston and vicinity. In the machine department it designs and builds a great variety of special machinery, and does a general jobbing and repair business. The number of men employed varies with the season, from two to three hundred, and the pay-roll from two to three thousand dollars a week.

Rawson & Morrison manufacturing Co.

The Rawson & Morrison Manufacturing Co. are designers, patentees, and manufacturers of hoisting-engines, coal-handling machinery, boilers, stationary engines, electric hoists, fertilizer dryers, hydraulic pumps and presses, special and general machinery.

It is a well-known fact that Boston was the birthplace of the portable hoisting-engine. As early as 1835 the necessity for handling [349] weights by other than manual labor forced itself upon contractors, pile-drivers, and bridge-builders. These industries early began to assume vast proportions, and it was to supply their demands that the first hoisting-engine was manufactured in this vicinity. Hittinger, Cook & Co., of Charlestown, were the first to design and manufacture this class of engines, and did a large business during the existence of the firm. From their shops was graduated George W. Rawson, a natural mechanic and inventor. He formed a partnership with Michael Hittinger (Hittinger, Cook & Co.), under the firm name of Rawson & Hittinger, and began business at No. 72 Main Street, Cambridgeport. They carried on a large business during and after the war, manufacturing annually about two hundred engines, ranging in price from six hundred to three thousand dollars each.

In the year 1884 Mr. Rawson and John G. Morrison established the firm of Rawson & Morrison, and located at No. 29 Main Street (West Boston Bridge). Owing to the many years spent by Mr. Rawson in manufacturing and improving the line they represented, they were enabled to bring their productions to a higher degree of perfection. Being protected by numerous letters-patent, they were in a position to offer to their customers original and improved engines and machinery, constructed to meet the varied requirements.

In the year 1883 they began a series of experiments with a view to securing a form of steam-shovel and apparatus adapted to the general discharging of vessels engaged in coal transportation. These experiments resulted favorably, and their method has been adopted by many of the leading coal merchants and railroads from Maine to California.

Mr. Rawson died October 17, 1893, and the business has since been continued by Mr. Morrison, without change of firm name. It has recently reached such proportions as to demand increased facilities, and a modern steel frame building, two stories, one hundred and fifty feet by sixty, has been erected. This addition is especially adapted for handling heavy work, and is fitted with electric cranes and the most modern machinery and tools. They at present employ one hundred and fifty mechanics.

The company was incorporated, May, 1896, with a paid — in capital of seventy-five thousand dollars.

Boston Bridge Works.

The Boston Bridge Works, located on Sixth, Ninth, Rogers, and Binney streets, was established by D. H. Andrews, the present proprietor, in June, 1876.

The business was begun on Main Street, in a building belonging to the then existing firm of Kendall & Roberts, at the spot where the office of Edward Kendall & Sons now stands. [350]

Bridge-manufacturing in Boston or vicinity previous to that time had not been successful, and the modest beginning of the Boston Bridge Works gave ample opportunity to study and, so far as possible, avoid the causes of previous failure. The growth of the business was not at first rapid, but it was steady until, in the early spring of 1881, it had outgrown the accommodations afforded by the buildings and grounds first occupied. After a most exhaustive examination of the facilities afforded by other regions sufficiently near Boston, it was decided that no other spot combined so many advantages as are united at the present location.

The Boston Bridge Works produce steel or iron railroad and highway bridges, with fixed or movable spans for drawbridges of every description or requirement,—steel-roof trusses and coverings, steel building-frames and complete steel buildings, locomotive turn-tables, and all kinds of structural frames required.

The works cover about one hundred and forty thousand square feet of ground, and are completely equipped with modern machinery for a bridge-building plant. Last year they turned out and shipped about eight thousand tons of finished material.

Among the notable bridges built by the Boston Bridge Works in this vicinity may be mentioned the Harvard Bridge, from Cambridge to Boston, and the Dover Street Bridge and Boylston Street Bridge, in Boston. These works also produced the majority of the largest railroad bridges in New England, and have furnished the steel framework of several large and notable buildings, among which may be named the new Worthington building on State Street, and the new Tremont building in Boston. The number of men usually employed by the Boston Bridge Works is not far from three hundred, but at times has reached over four hundred.

The foregoing will give a fair idea of the general output and character of this distinctively Cambridge enterprise, and it shows that it is quite possible to produce steel structural work on a fairly extensive scale in New England, despite the large advantage generally conceded to Pennsylvania in this class of business.

Broadway iron foundry Co.

The Broadway Iron Foundry Co. was established in 1864 by Henry M. Bird, under the firm name of Henry M. Bird & Co., and moved to its present location, Broadway and Pelham streets, Cambridgeport, in 1866. Mr. Bird died in 1890, and the business was continued by his estate to January 1, 1896, when it was incorporated under its present name. The capital of the company is twenty thousand dollars, and they do a general foundry business, leasing the land and buildings from the Bird estate. About forty men are employed. [351] William W. Bird is president and treasurer, and Robert C. Bird secretary.

Morss & Whyte.

The firm of Morss & Whyte occupies a large brick building covering thirty-five thousand square feet of land on Franklin Street, Cambridgeport. The business was established in 1840. Charles A. Morss was admitted to the firm in 1845, and since 1868 has been the sole partner. The concern was removed to Cambridge in 1885. They manufacture wire cloths, netting, screens, railings, and light structural iron work, and employ fifty hands.

The Simplex Electrical Co.

was incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts in 1895, with a capital of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. It is at present located with Morss & Whyte, and employs seventy-five men. The company manufactures insulated wires and cables for electrical purposes, including line work, interior wiring, submarine and underground cables, and is doing a very large business.

The Eastern expanded Metal Co.,

incorporated in 1894, with a capital stock of fifteen thousand dollars, is located at 10 Franklin Street, Cambridgeport. The company is licensee in New England for the patents on expanded metal, and is manufacturer of expanded metal lath, and contractor for fire-proofing on the expanded metal system, including lathing, partitions, protections of iron beams, elevator shafts, floors, and outside walls. Thirty men are employed.

The American Electric heating corporation

is also located at 10 Franklin Street, with main office in the Sears Building, Boston, and branch offices in New York and Chicago. The corporation has a very heavy capital, and is controlled by a syndicate of Boston's prominent business men. The company owns two hundred and fifty patents on electric heating, and is developing its application, working on the basis that the field is as great for electric heating as for electric lighting. Employment is at present given to twenty men.

Hall Brothers.

The firm of Hall Brothers, machinists, No. 724 Massachusetts Avenue, was established in business in 1890, with a capital of two thousand dollars, for the purpose of manufacturing Hall's Matrix Drying Machine, and special machinery for newspaper stereotype offices. During the past five years they have placed machines in many of the large newspaper offices, including those of the ‘New York Sun,’ ‘New [352] York Evening Post,’ ‘Boston Herald,’ ‘Buffalo Evening News,’ ‘Chicago Herald,’ ‘Philadelphia Record,’ ‘Providence Journal.’ They also manufacture lubricant for motors and dynamos.

Riverside boiler Works.

The Riverside Boiler Works, Cambridgeport, occupy three buildings at 50 Harvard Street. The business was established in 1891, and the company is engaged in the manufacture of galvanized iron range boilers. The works have a capacity of fifty boilers per day, and twenty men are employed.

Standard brass Co.

The Standard Brass Co. was organized and incorporated May, 1894, with a capital of fifteen thousand dollars. The factory is located at Nos. 12-14 Osborn Street, Cambridgeport, and one hundred hands are employed in the manufacture of brass work, for water, steam, and gas, also for electrical lamp work. The value of the product is about one hundred thousand dollars per annum. Thirty thousand pounds of brass are melted in the foundry each month. F. J. Paine is president, and H. F. Hawkes treasurer of the company.

Bay State Metal Works.

The Bay State Metal Works was incorporated in May, 1893. The company manufacture copper and brass goods for plumbers' use. The capital of the concern is about thirty-five thousand dollars, and employment is given to seventy-five men. The value of the product is two hundred thousand dollars per annum. The officers are: Andrew W. Fisher, president; Joseph J. Devereux, treasurer; F. H. Holton, general manager. The works are located on Harvard Street, Cambridgeport. Lamb & Ritchie.

Making galvanized iron pipe was a slow process twenty-five years ago, and the product was unsatisfactory. When the seam was made the zinc coating cracked or broke off and exposed the iron or steel to rust; and for the same reason the short pieces could not be successfully soldered together to make pipe of suitable length. The pipe at best was unsightly, and it was a good workman who could make more than two hundred and fifty feet a day.

The first successful steps in the industry were not attempts to make pipe cheaper, but to make it better. The two objects were, however, closely allied, and it was not until power machinery was first successfully applied to making the different kinds of improved pipe by Lamb & Ritchie, of Cambridgeport, that the manufacture began its remarkable growth.

Like many other modern inventions, there is but little for the operator [353] to do; ‘he presses the button and the machine does the rest.’ A plain flat sheet of metal is fed into the rolls, and comes out in a few seconds a complete pipe ten feet long, sometimes round, sometimes square or oval, smooth or fluted, sometimes corrugated, so that it will expand when water freezes in it; and, most wonderful of all, some of the machines produce a pipe ornamented and strengthened by a spiral seam. All the galvanizing or zinc coating is done after the pipe is made, which is the only way to make galvanized iron pipe reliable.

As to rapidity of production, a machine will run out more pipe in a day than some workmen could make by hand in a whole winter. A brief account of a trifling accident may illustrate the productive capacity of modern sheet metal machinery. A machine not properly stopped at noon broke loose when the engine started up, running out pipe across the room in which it stood and back again as it was turned by the opposite wall. Before it was discovered it had nearly filled the room with pipe. That was twelve years ago. If the pipe had gone due west out of an open window and the machine had continued to run, the line of pipe would have reached by this time twice around the world. Some of the firm's machines would in the same time have run pipe three and even four times around it.

It may be asked how a market can be found for such an increased production. The answer is, first, that it takes millions of feet each year to supply the thousands of tinsmiths who formerly made pipe themselves, but who have found that it is now cheaper to buy it ready made; and, second, that the improved quality and reduced price of the machine-made product led, as in other industries, to an extraordinary increase in its use.

This Cambridgeport firm was the pioneer in the industry. It still holds the lead in it, in spite of sharp competition and heavy tariff taxation both in 1890 and 1894. Cambridgeport is an admirable location for an industry which uses imported materials. The ocean steamers and the railroads running from the wharves bring these materials from the producer in Great Britain to the factory in Cambridgeport for a very few cents a hundred pounds. It is in connection with cheap materials that invention and enterprise count for the most and secure the greatest advantage. Unless prevented from buying where their materials are cheapest, sheet metal industries will continue to find an exceptionally good home in Cambridge. The partners in the firm are Henry W. Lamb and David A. Ritchie, and the factory is located on the corner of Albany and Portland streets.

The Geo. F. Blake manufacturing Co.

This vast enterprise owes its success to the inventive genius, business energy, and sterling integrity of its founder, George Fordyce Blake, a descendant of the stanch old New England family of this name. [354]

In 1862 Mr. Blake, while employed as mechanical engineer of Peter Hubbell's brick-yards at Cambridge, was granted a patent for a water meter. About that time Mr. Blake also patented a machine for pulverizing the clay, which could not be worked with the ordinary machinery; and, later, when the clay pits constantly filled with water, he devised and patented a steam pump, which operated perfectly, and succeeded in keeping the pits free from water.

In 1864 Mr. Blake, associated with Mr. Hubbell and Mr. Job A. Turner, commenced the manufacture and sale of these pumps and meters in a little shop on Province Street, Boston. From that time to the present the growth and success of this industry have been uninterrupted. In 1874 a joint stock company was formed, under the name of the ‘Geo. F. Blake Manufacturing Co.;’ in 1879 the plant and business of the Knowles Steam Pump Works, at Warren, Mass., were purchased; and, in 1890, the entire business was transferred to a syndicate, which, under greatly increased capitalization, now continues this business in the name of ‘The Geo. F. Blake Manufacturing Co.’

In 1889-90, after several changes of location, incident to the ever-growing business, the works were permanently located in Cambridge. The plant, which covers five and a half acres, is undoubtedly one of the finest in its line in the world. The buildings were specially designed for the business, and are in the very best style of modern shop construction. As much attention has been given to the health and comfort of its employees as to the economy of production and the ease of future extension.

The buildings are fully equipped with traveling cranes and special tools, so as to insure the manufacture of strictly first-class machinery at the lowest possible cost. The variety of pumping machinery manufactured is greater than that of any other single company, a force of ninety-six draughts-men and pattern-makers alone being constantly employed in the scientific designing and preparation of new lines of machinery for every branch of manufacturing and engineering work. The total number of employees at the present time is about one thousand.

The pumping machinery is shipped in quantity to every quarter of the globe, and ranges in size from pumps of a few hundred pounds weight to the highest grade of water-works pumping engines weighing over one million pounds each. Among the prominent American cities using the Blake water-works engines may be mentioned: Boston, New York, Washington, Camden, New Orleans, Cleveland, Mobile, Toronto, Shreveport, Helena, Birmingham, Racine, La Crosse, Mc-Keesport, etc. A partial list of places in Massachusetts includes: Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Woburn, Natick, Hyde Park, Dedham, Needham, Wakefield, Malden, Arlington, Belmont, Walpole, Lexington, [355] Gloucester, Marlboro, Weymouth, North Adams, Maynard, Mansfield, Randolph, Foxboro, Cohasset, Lenox, Chelsea, Brockton, Franklin, Provincetown, Canton, Stoughton, Braintree, and Wellesley. These engines are also in use in foreign water-works, as for instance at St. Petersburg, Honolulu, and Sydney.

The new United States Navy is practically fitted out with Blake pumps, a partial list including the following vessels: Columbia, New York, Iowa, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Newark, Chicago, Boston, Atlanta, Massachusetts, Indiana, Maine, Puritan, Miantonomoh, Monadnock, Terror, Amphitrite, Katahdin, Detroit, Montgomery, Marblehead, Yorktown, Dolphin, Machias, Castine, Petrel, Vesuvius, and many others.

Briefly, the thousands of patterns cover pumps for handling any fluid or semi-fluid or liquor, whether acid or alkali, under all conditions, from the lightest pressure up to twenty-five thousand pounds per square inch; and similarly any gas or vapor under vacuum or various degrees of compression,—all these machines being driven directly by steam, air, or water pressure, or indirectly by steam or gas engines, electric motors, water wheels, or other sources of motive power.

William Campbell & Co.

are manufacturers of marine, locomotive, and steam fire-engine boilers, gas holders, oil and water tanks, and all kinds of plate iron works. Their works are located on Sixth Street near Broadway.

The Roberts iron Works Co.,

manufacturers of boilers, has a large establishment on Main Street near the West Boston Bridge, and employs a considerable number of men. Mr. Roberts was for many years a member of the firm of Kendall & Roberts.

Miller & Shaw,

manufacturers of portable steam hoisting-engines, hydraulic presses, and general machinery, are located on Sixth Street, Cambridgeport.

Walter W. Field,

machinist, formerly of the firm of Parker, Field & Mitchell, is a manufacturer of electric hoists and the Boston Hoisting-Engine, and is located on Main Street, West Boston Bridge.

James H. Roberts & Co.

are manufacturers of machinery, shafting, pulleys, and hangers, and occupy a large building on the corner of Second and Charles streets, East Cambridge. Their business office is 5 Lancaster Street, Boston.

[356]

E. D. Leavitt.

The largest private mechanical engineering office in the United States is that of E. D. Leavitt, which occupies two floors in the Holmes Block, 2 Central Square. A large force of engineers and draughtsmen is constantly employed.

Machinery and boilers (with their accessories) exceeding in value more than ten million dollars have been designed by Mr. Leavitt since establishing his office in Cambridge.

The designs mentioned include the great machinery plant of the Calumet & Hecla Mine, pumping-engines at Boston, Lynn, Lawrence, Louisville, Ky., and that now building for Cambridge, as well as the most powerful pumping-engine in existence, which is used by the Bethlehem Iron Company in forging armor plates and heavy guns, which develops 15,000 horse-power. Cambridge manufacturers have built some of the most important work. The pay-roll exceeds forty thousand dollars per annum.

Manufacturing Confectioners.

The manufacture of candy in Cambridge was begun by Robert Douglass in 1826, in a small building on Windsor Street. He removed soon after to the building now standing on the corner of Main and Douglass streets. Beginning with sales from a wheelbarrow, grinding and refining all the sugar he used, his business increased to such an extent that he acquired a fortune. At one time he had teams running over a large portion of New England.

From this concern sprang the oldest candy manufacturing firm now doing business in Cambridge at this time,

B. P. Clark & Co.

Mr. Clark was a salesman for Douglass from 1840 to 1848; in the latter year he started in business for himself on Franklin Street, Cambridgeport. In 1862 lie moved to Main Street, and occupied a building which stood on the site of the present Prospect House Block. In 1874 he built the factory, 443 Massachusetts Avenue, which has been occupied by the firm since. The building is seventy-five by fifty feet, five stories high. The capital used in the business is from seventy-five to one hundred thousand dollars, and about fifty hands are employed. The partners are B. P. Clark, Edward C. Wheeler, and W. F. Alley. After forty-eight years of service, Mr. Clark, at the age of eighty, still takes an active interest in the business.

[357]

George close,

manufacturer of confectionery, began business in Cambridgeport in 1870, and in 1879 erected the brick building on the corner of Broadway and Windsor Street, where he employs one hundred and twenty-five hands. The product of the factory is about three tons per day, which is distributed mostly in New England. The plant has all the latest improvements in machinery used in the business, and represents a capital invested of about seventy-five thousand dollars. The building is sixty-five by seventy-five feet, with a wooden addition thirty-five by forty feet. On the first floor are the offices, receiving and shipping rooms, and the three floors above are used for manufacturing. The engine-room is located in the wing.

D. M. Hazen & Co.,

manufacturers of confectionery, began business in 1876. In 1882 they purchased fifty-six hundred feet of land, and a two-story building, located at 42 Elm Street, to which they added an ell. In 1885 the business had increased, and the building was further enlarged. In 1890 more land was purchased, and the building increased to eighty by forty-four feet, three stories high. The plant was furnished with the latest improved machinery; the concern now employs from seventy-five to one hundred hands, and makes a specialty of chocolates, bonbons, and caramels.

H. F. Sparrow,

manufacturer of fine chocolates, bonbons, and caramels, began business in 1887, in a two-story building on Windsor Street; the growth of the business compelled larger quarters, and in 1891 the present factory, on the corner of Hampshire and Clark streets, was erected. The building measures one hundred and ten by forty-five feet, and has four stories and basement. By close attention to business a large trade over the United States has been secured; in the busy season one hundred and seventy-five hands are employed.

The Bay State confectionery Co.

are the successors of J. S. Bell & Co., who first engaged in manufacturing confectionery in a small building on Pearl Street, in May, 1890, moving into their present quarters, 141 Hampshire Street, in September, 1891. The present company purchased their plant in June, 1894, and employ about sixty hands. The building is seventy by forty feet, of four stories, all of which are fully occupied. Their product is chiefly chocolate confections, and is valued at one hundred thousand dollars per annum.

The total capital represented in the manufacturing confectionery [358] trade in Cambridge is about two hundred and thirty thousand dollars; average number of employees, four hundred and sixty-five. Sixty million pounds of sugar and eight hundred thousand pounds of chocolate are used annually. The Cambridge manufacturers are members of the National Confectioners' Association, an association not organized to fix prices, but whose motto is ‘purity and integrity.’

R. H. Leach, Elm Street. manufacturer of lozenges, employs a considerable number of people.

Jensen Brothers, Norfolk Street, manufacture a general line of confectionery.

Soap manufacturers.

Cambridge is at this time, and has been for many years, more extensively engaged in the manufacture of soap than any other place in New England. In the early days a large amount of this commodity was exported, chiefly to the West Indies and South America; but at the present time the manufacture is mainly confined to the home market. The business of soap-making in Cambridge was begun by Livermore, Crane & Whitney in 1804. Their business was started in a small way in a building in the rear of Main Street, and was continued by Mr. Livermore on the same spot until he died, in 1862. There are at the present time several large factories, producing in the aggregate many million pounds per annum.

Curtis Davis & Co.

The establishment of the firm of Curtis Davis & Co. dates back to the year 1835, Mr. Curtis Davis being its founder. In the year 1838 Mr. Davis entered into partnership with Mr. Alexander Dickinson, under the firm name of Davis & Dickinson, with a capital of one thousand dollars. This partnership continued until 1851, and was dissolved in that year, Mr. Davis purchasing the site which is now occupied by the present firm.

In 1864 Mr. Davis received his son-in-law James Mellen into partnership, under the firm name of Curtis Davis & Co. At this time the works had a capacity of about three tons of soap per day, and employed ten hands, with a weekly pay-roll of about one hundred dollars. Improved methods of manufacture were adopted and improved machinery was installed whenever brought to the attention of the proprietors. The quality of their products was improved as the state of the art advanced, and as the market furnished purer raw materials from which to make them. The popular and well-known brand of ‘Welcome’ soap was established about 1875, but had been registered and copyrighted in 1874. In 1883 the firm adopted the policy of manufacturing this and a few other special brands of laundry soaps, less than half a dozen in number, to the exclusion of all others. Just [359] previous to this time they were putting up for the market more than one hundred and twenty-five different brands. They believe themselves to have been the first firm in the soap business in this country to adopt such a policy, which has proved to be a sound one, as it is largely followed by all the leading manufacturers of to-day.

The partnership was terminated in 1887 by the death of Mr. Davis. The business was continued under the old firm name, Mr. Mellen taking into partnership his son, Edwin D. Mellen, who had previously been engaged at the works as chemist and superintendent. The works have been extended in late years by the addition of a glycerine plant, for the recovery of what had previously been a waste product, and the addition of a machinery department, for the manufacture of machinery designed at the works and patented by the firm. This partnership was recently terminated by the death of Mr. James Mellen, and the business is continued at the present time under the management of the surviving partner, Mr. E. D. Mellen.

The works now comprise the soap works in the old original building, greatly enlarged; the glycerine works, the boiler-house, with boilers equipped with coal and ash-handling machinery, and other modern improvements; the laboratory building containing the laboratories; machine-shop, and stable. All these buildings have a floor area of about two acres. The present capacity of the soap works is twenty tons per day, and that of the glycerine works three thousand pounds per day. The operation of the works employs a capital of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and eighty employees, with a weekly pay-roll of one thousand dollars. The annual product is valued at six hundred thousand dollars.

The firm contemplates increasing the capacity of its establishment in the near future, thereby giving opportunities for the employment of additional capital and labor.

James C. Davis & Son.

In the year 1835 the late James C. Davis made his first venture in the soap business in this city, gathering the material from house to house, which was a custom followed by every soap-maker at that time.

In 1840, by dint of zeal and earnest effort, he opened a factory of some pretensions, and in 1850 he was the sole proprietor of the establishment at 204, 206, and 208 Broadway, where for forty-six years, or up to date, the name of James C. Davis, or James C. Davis & Son, the latter appendage being added in 1870 by the admittance of Mr. James H. Davis as a member of the concern, has appeared on the now familiar sign.

On March 14, 1888, the founder of the business, Mr. James C. Davis, died, since which time it has been carried on by his successors. They employ sixty-five hands. [360]

Never has this house known disaster, save the burning of the factory in 1891 and the death of the founder. The spirit of progress has ever marked its endeavor, not only locally, but at large in New England. Every city and town in New England is familiar with the famous ‘James C. Davis Old Soap,’ also the E. A. & W. Winchester Standard Soap, which are manufactured by this house by the same formula as that used by the old concern of E. A. & W. Winchester, when they established the business in 1814.

In 1894 they added to their present capacity a glycerine plant, which converts all the glycerine from the spent lyes or waste products. The Boston office is at 3 Commercial Street.

Lysander Kemp & Sons,

Broadway and Davis Street, Cambridgeport, manufacturers of soap and soap-stock, was established by Lysander Kemp, at Lincoln Court, in the town of Cambridge, in 1845, and in 1853 was removed to its present location. In 1857 Mr. Kemp formed a partnership with Aaron Hale, under the firm name of Hale & Kemp, for the purpose of manufacturing family soap and soap-stock. In 1867 the firm was dissolved, Mr. Kemp retaining the soap-stock trade. In 1872 his sons, Horace G. and James H. Kemp, were admitted as partners. Lysander Kemp retired from the business January 1, 1892, and his sons continued it under its present firm name. In January, 1893, their building was destroyed by fire, but was immediately replaced by the present factory, which is 100 by 63 feet, and three stories high, with powerhouse adjoining. The firm employs fourteen men. Their product in 1895 was 1,259 tons of soap-stock, 458 tons of soap, and 705 tons of fertilizer stock.

John Reardon & Sons.

The soap and candle business of John Reardon & Sons was founded by John Reardon in 1856, the factory being located on Erie Street, Cambridgeport. Candle manufacturing at that time was a very important industry in New England, and it continued to be such until the discovery of mineral oil. In 1863 Edmund and James H. Reardon were admitted as partners, and the firm has since continued under the name of John Reardon & Sons. The firm is a large exporter of tallow to England and the Continent, and has an extensive trade in the Southern States east of the Mississippi, in addition to its trade in New York, Pennsylvania, and New England.

It was at one time extensively engaged in the manufacture of oleomargarine oil and butter. The present works, covering an acre of ground near Fort Washington, were erected in 1878. The business of making oleomargarine was carried on until, under the laws of the State, [361] its manufacture was prohibited. The manufacture of oleomargarine oil, however, is still a large trade in the business of the firm, and the product is sold for export to Great Britain, Holland, Belgium, and Germany.

Within a few years a glycerine plant has been added to the works, by which the glycerine from the waste lyes is recovered. During the past year 12,100,000 pounds of raw material were used, producing 10,250,000 pounds of manufactured goods. From 90 to 110 persons are constantly employed, and the annual pay-roll is $53,000. At present the firm makes laundry and toilet soaps, tallow, oleomargarine oil, stearine, glycerine, sal soda, ground bone, and a high grade of fertilizer. John Reardon, the founder of the business, died in 1883, at the age of eighty-three years. James H. Reardon died in 1887. The business at the present time is carried on by Edmund Reardon.

C. L. Jones & Co.,

soap makers, 172 Pearl Street, Cambridge.—Business in this place was started about 1828 by Charles Valentine, and was originally confined to slaughtering cattle and packing beef. The manufacture of soap was added in order to work up the tallow which did not readily find a market, the soap being sold principally for export to the West Indies and South America. The history of the business from 1828 to 1845 is involved in obscurity, but the soap business was only a side issue, and was probably carried on in a very crude way. In 1845 Mr. Valentine made an arrangement with Charles L. Jones, who was then operating a small factory in Boston, to take charge of his soap business, and the firm of C. L. Jones & Co. was established, Mr. Valentine still carrying on the beef-packing business under the name of C. Valentine & Co. In 1850, on the death of Mr. Valentine, the packing business was given up, and Mr. C. L. Jones then took entire charge of the soap business, associating with himself two of his brothers.

The business at that time had grown to quite large proportions. Besides the manufacture of soap for export, a large business was done with the woolen mills, and in 1854 the manufacture of candles was added. Business kept on increasing, and the buildings were enlarged from time to time.

In 1879 Charles L. Jones died, and the business from that time to this has been carried on by Henry E. Jones and Frank H. Jones.

In 1881 the demand for candles had dwindled to small proportions, and that branch of the business was given up. About 1886 the factory was remodeled, and now, if worked to its full capacity, could turn out over ten million pounds a year. The export business, which was formerly the principal output, is now a very small item. The only way the export orders could have been retained would have been to move [362] the business to New York city, and the firm preferred to confine its operations to a domestic market. The product of the factory is now sold principally in New England and New York State.

The utmost care is taken in the manufacture of the various brands of soap turned out by the factory, and it is the aim of the owners to make nothing but the best of its kind. The buildings consist of one wooden one, two hundred by sixty feet, two stories high; one of brick for storage, one hundred by forty feet; and a one-story building for the engine and boilers. The pay-roll averages about twenty thousand dollars per annum. The firm has an office in Boston, at 224 State Street, and employs four traveling salesmen to dispose of its product.

Other soap manufacturers are Charles R. Teele. Lincoln Place, and Carr Brothers, Lopez Street.

Carriage manufacture.

Henderson Brothers.

Cambridge for many years has been more or less noted for its industry of carriage building. The most extensive carriage business in the city is that of Henderson Brothers, No. 2067 Massachusetts Avenue, North Cambridge. The brothers, John J. and Robert, began business in Cambridge in 1856, and were the pioneers in the establishment of a carriage repository outside of Boston. Four years ago their factory was completely swept away by fire, but they have since rebuilt, and have now the largest carriage repository in the United States. The main building is of brick, two hundred and fifty feet by eighty-five, and five stories high. In the rear of the repository are three factories, one two hundred and twelve by fifty feet, and two others which, combined, have an equal area.

The firm manufacture brakes, drags, barges, wagons, mail, depot, hotel, and passenger carriages. In their repository they have wagons of all kinds, barges, caravans, hacks, landaus, coups, and light carriages; also sleighs and pungs.

Francis Ivers & Son.

The business of F. Ivers & Son was started by the elder Ivers in 1858 or 1859. Their factory is located on the corner of Allen Street and Massachusetts Avenue, about one mile from Harvard Square. The buildings are well adapted for their purpose, and cover an area of 20,700 feet.

The firm make a specialty of the ‘Ivers’ buggy and light road wagons. Their business extends over the United States, and they have a large export trade. [363]

Ivers & Son were the first to apply the bicycle wheel to the racing sulky, and they are now agents for Western houses who make that style of vehicle.

Hugh Stewart & Co.

In 1878 Mr. Stewart began the manufacture of carriages in Boston, but business increased so rapidly that he was soon compelled to seek larger quarters. He removed his plant to Cambridgeport, and in 1891 erected the factory now occupied by the firm, on Main Street, at the junction of Harvard and Sixth streets. The same year he admitted as partner his former bookkeeper, J. F. Cutter. The firm do an extensive business in the manufacture of carriages, and have a large repair-shop connected with the factory.

The Nelson Carriage Co.

The Nelson Carriage Co. was established by its present proprietor, Joseph L. Nelson, in 1891. The factory is located at Nos. 10 to 16 Palmer Street, and the salesroom is in Roberts Building, Harvard Square. The company manufacture a general line of carriages and wagons, and employ ten to fifteen men; they also deal in harnesses, horse clothing, and bicycles.

Andrew J. Jones.

In 1846 Mr. Jones began the business of carriage building in Cambridge, and now occupies a brick building on the corner of Church and Palmer streets, where he manufactures heavy wagons and employs several men. The upper floor of his factory is used for a furniture storage warehouse.

Charles Waugh & Co.

The business of Charles Waugh & Co., Nos. 442 to 450 Main Street, Cambridgeport, was begun in 1873, under the name of Waugh Brothers. The present company was formed in 1884, and they do a large business as builders of sleighs, police patrol wagons, carriages, light wagons, heavy caravans, and drags. The firm also handle horse clothing and stable equipments. A considerable number of men are employed. Chapman Carriage Co.

In 1829 Francis L. Chapman began the business of carriage building, and continued the same until the time of his death in 1893. His successors are George O. Rollins and George M. Church, and they carry on the business under the name of the Chapman Carriage Co. Their specialty is the ‘Chapman,’ ‘Goddard,’ and ‘Stanhope’ buggies, but they make to order carriages of all descriptions. The Company [364] is located at No. 10 Brattle Street, and has large repair-shops and storage-rooms for carriages.

The other carriage manufacturers in Cambridge are: Stewart Brothers, George R. Henderson, Cambridge Carriage Co., J. A. Henderson & Son, H. F. Fletcher & Co.

Furniture manufacture.

Edwin Hixon was undoubtedly the pioneer in furniture manufacturing in Cambridge. Beginning in 1845, he carried on the business for many years. At one time Cambridge acquired the reputation of being a furniture centre; and although the volume of business in that line has been largely reduced, there are at this time several extensive and prosperous concerns in the city.

Keeler & Co.

Keeler & Co., manufacturers of fine furniture and cabinet work, are located at the corner of Second and Thorndike streets, East Cambridge, with warerooms at Nos. 81 to 91 Washington Street, Boston, and are the successors to the widely known business of F. Geldowsky.

Mr. Geldowsky started in a very small way on Utica Street, Boston, about 1862. Two years later he moved to East Cambridge, where he enlarged his business, and his name soon became known over the United States and Canada for the quality and style of his work. For twenty years he ranked preeminently the leading manufacturer of furniture in America. In 1877 Mr. Geldowsky met financial reverses, and shortly afterwards Messrs. C. P. Keeler & Son assumed the control of the business, retaining Mr. Geldowsky as manager. They then occupied the immense plant bounded by First, Second, Otis, and Thorndike streets. January, 1884, Messrs. Keeler & Co. opened their large retail warerooms at Nos. 81 to 91 Washington Street, leaving Mr. Geldowsky in charge of the manufacturing business. In 1888 Messrs. Keeler & Co. again took control of the factory, Mr. Geldowsky continuing in their employ until his death in July, 1890. During the past ten years they have made a feature of fine cabinet work, and have completed order work from special designs for many public buildings, among which are the City Hall, Fall River; State House Extension, Boston; City Hall, Cambridge; Norfolk County Court House, Dedham; and Middlesex County buildings, East Cambridge; a number of banks, offices, libraries, and armories.

The present firm of Keeler & Co. is composed of Alvin F. Sortwell, of this city, special partner, and Ruel P. Buzzell, general partner.

[365]

W. C. H. Badger & Co.

W. C. H. Badger & Co., furniture manufacturers, are located in a large brick building on Albany Street, near Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridgeport. The members of the firm are W. C. H. Badger and George F. Tyler, who are the successors to a business established more than fifty years. The factory is two hundred by fifty feet, and five stories high, and is complete in every department for the manufacture of furniture, having a 150 horse-power engine, latest improved drying apparatus, and storehouses for lumber with capacity for one hundred and fifty thousand feet.

The firm manufacture only the fine grades of furniture, using principally mahogany and quartered oak, and when in full operation employ about one hundred and twenty-five men. They have a large trade all through New England.

A. B. & E. L. Shaw.

A. B. & E. L. Shaw, East Cambridge, are makers of parlor, church, and lodge furniture. The business was established in 1780 by Jacob Foster & Son, and has been continuous since that date. The successors to Jacob Foster & Son were Charles Foster, 1828; Foster, Lawrence & Co., 1833; Edward Lawrence, 1856; Braman, Shaw & Co., 1863; Shaw, Applin & Co., 1877; A. B. & E. L. Shaw, 1887.

The old firms of Foster, Lawrence & Co. and Edward Lawrence employed convict labor at the Massachusetts State Prison in Charlestown, but when Braman, Shaw & Co. succeeded to the business it was removed to East Cambridge. For the past ten years the present firm have occupied the Geldowsky factory, and they employ from one hundred and fifty to two hundred hands. The firm do the largest business in the manufacture of fine upholstered furniture in New England, and have furnished some of the finest clubs, lodges, and hotels in the country, among the latter The Niagara at Buffalo, Hotel del Coronado of San Diego, Cal., The Imperial, The Netherlands, and The Savoy of New York city, The Walton of Philadelphia, and the Jefferson of Richmond, Virginia, and they now have the contract to furnish the new Manhattan of New York, a fourteen-story building, which will be run by Hawk & Wetherbee, the present proprietors of The Windsor of New York.

Irving & Casson.

Irving & Casson have been located in East Cambridge about fifteen years. They have a large factory at the corner of First and Otis streets, and employ between two and three hundred men. They make fine custom cabinet work, mantels, and interior finish for high-class dwellings, and have a large business in St. Louis, Buffalo, Chicago, St. Paul, [366] Washington, Troy, and New York. Their Boston office and showrooms are at 150 Boylston Street.

Rourke & Kennedy.

Rourke & Kennedy, 682 Massachusetts Avenue, are the successors of Phillips Brothers & Co., manufacturers of furniture. The firm do a large business throughout New England in desks, bookcases, plumbers' supplies, Phillips's folding-beds, and general cabinet work. Their factory is well equipped for taking large contracts.

The Otis Woodworks,

John Quin, proprietor, is located on Otis Street, East Cambridge. The concern turns out a large amount of mouldings, builders' finish, store and office fixtures, drawer-cases, and washstands.

A. H. Davenport

has a large furniture factory on Bridge Street, East Cambridge, with Boston warerooms on Washington Street.

The D. C. Storr furniture Co.

is located on Thorndike Street, corner of First.

Among other furniture manufacturers are G. F. Ericson, maker of wood mantels, cabinet and interior work, State Street, Cambridgeport; Graves & Phelps, tables; T. B. Wentworth, pulpits; A. M. & D. W. Grant, William W. Robertson, P. A. Pederson, and Lee L. Powers, makers of cabinet work.

Miscellaneous manufactures.

Boston Woven hose and Rubber Co.11

In 1870 Lyman R. Blake, the inventor of the original sole sewing machine, so successfully exploited by Gordon McKay, long a citizen of Cambridge, devised a machine for sewing up strips of rubber-coated canvas into hydraulic hose. This machine was shortly afterward purchased by Colonel Theodore A. Dodge, who, having been placed on the retired list of the army, had taken up his residence in Cambridge, and the manufacture of ‘Blake hose’ was begun.

At first the article produced was acceptable rather from its cheapness than from its solidity; and although the original somewhat flimsy garden hose gradually grew into engine hose really excellent and durable, and although the one place in the hose which never gave out was [367] the line of stitches, the public was apt to look askance at the seam, and the article was not a favorite.

When, therefore, in 1872, James E. Gillespie approached Colonel Dodge with the drawings of a loom to weave multiply-tubular fabrics, the latter was quick to grasp its possibilities. Theretofore tubular goods had been woven only on flat looms, a process which left a weak spot along their edge. It had been impossible to ‘beat up’ goods woven in the round form so as to make them sufficiently solid, and only braided round fabrics had been used. As a first construction, Gillespie's loom was remarkable, but its eighty thousand parts made it all too liable to break down. To assist Gillespie, Colonel Dodge, in 1873, hired a young machinist named Robert Cowen, and from that year on until to-day, when he is vice-president of the company and superintendent of a factory where a thousand men and women are working day and night to fill orders, Mr. Cowen has been the soul of the enterprise, the inventor, designer, and organizer of every new manufacture, and the one who, through years of difficulty and disappointment, has stood by his employer and wrought courageously and energetically, until the fitting reward has in due time come.

Gillespie soon dropped out, and for a number of years Cowen's experiments to simplify the loom resulted only in outlay. It was a brand-new thing. Old loom experts predicted failure; old firemen pronounced the hose unpractical. Although some fire departments used ‘Boyd’ hose, a cotton fabric riveted together like leather hose, and then rubber-lined, it was hard to persuade the trade that rubber-lined cotton hose was suitable for garden hose. In 1873 Colonel Dodge successfully tested the first length ever made of rubber-lined, multiply-woven cotton fire hose before the fire commissioners of Boston. It had been made on the Gillespie-Cowen loom; but though the hose itself was good, it was so difficult to persuade the fire departments to use it, that Colonel Dodge was frequently taxed with Quixotism, if not outright idiocy, in persisting in his efforts. For at least ten years, however, these efforts went on, Dodge and Cowen working in unison, but with heavy financial loss to the former, until in 1880, after one hundred and fifty thousand dollars had been spent in experimenting, the two associates, under the name of the Boston Woven Hose Co., began a legitimate manufacture in a very small way in two rooms in part of the Curtis Davis Soap Factory on Portland Street, with only one man and a boy to assist. Such was the humble origin of the present extensive manufactories. In the first year some fifteen thousand feet of cotton garden hose were marketed,—about a quarter as much as is often made in one day in the present works,—and the hose proved satisfactory. Orders began to come in, and the premises and force were gradually increased and the machinery perfected, until the [368] business was so promising as quite to outrun the capital Colonel Dodge could afford to devote to it. In the spring of 1884 he took in another associate, and Mr. J. Edwin Davis became treasurer of the new corporation then formed with a capital of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, but retaining the old name. Mr. Davis has ever since been treasurer and manager, and to his energy, adaptability to his new conditions, and unusual business intelligence, as well as to the fact that Mr. Cowen and he have worked together with great harmony, is largely due the exceptional success of the enterprise. At that time the business had grown to employ some sixty hands, and was occupying a building on Broadway, opposite the present location of the factory. In 1886, however, although there were not far from eighteen thousand square feet of floor-room in this factory, the enterprise had grown to so considerable a size that it was determined to erect a plant especially adapted to the needs of the business, and the old Kinsley iron property, on the corner of Portland and Hampshire streets, was purchased, and a substantial brick building erected, with a number of reconstructed outbuildings. The enterprise, which had grown to require two hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars in 1888, was now incorporated in Massachusetts, with three hundred and fifty thousand dollars cash capital. In 1892 adjoining land was bought, and a new and larger mill with more outbuildings were added. In 1893 the capital was increased to six hundred thousand dollars. The following table of hands employed and floor-space occupied best tells the story of the growth of the company:—

Date.Employed.Floor Surface.
January 1, 18807 persons.3,660 square feet.
January 1, 188125 persons.
January 1, 188235 persons.
January 1, 188340 persons.17, 7 00 square feet.
January 1, 188459 persons.
January 1, 188565 persons.
January 1, 188689 persons.
January 1, 1887104 persons.58,831 square feet.
January 1, 1888134 persons.
January 1, 1889148 persons.
January 1, 1890163 persons.
January 1, 1891181 persons.
January 1, 189216 persons.
January 1, 1893280 persons.178, 765 square feet.
January 1, 1894366 persons.
January 1, 1895422 persons.
January 1, 1896975 persons.247,530 square feet.

While the original manufacture of the company was hydraulic hose, —still one of its largest products, the annual output reaching many [369] million feet,—the energy of Mr. Cowen, responding to the demand created by Mr. Davis, gradually extended the scope of its business, and belting, packing, gaskets, mould-work, mechanical goods of all kinds, almost everything in rubber except clothing and shoes, brass fittings, and other metal goods, became staples of its trade.

There is probably no factory in America where there is at work more ingenious machinery not known elsewhere, and this is the creation of Robert Cowen, aided by a staff of old and young employees, numbering men who have learned by hard knocks, men who have been taught at the Institute of Technology, men who have served the company for twenty odd years, and men who but last year entered its service. Each has contributed his part.

No assumption is more certain in America than that a man who works with energy, intelligence, and economy will eventually succeed. Ill luck at rare intervals negatives this assumption, but ill luck is wont to come from neglect of one or another of the three postulates, usually the last. It is, in fact, this certainty of success which makes America the Eldorado of workmen. In the case of the Boston Woven Hose and Rubber Co., never-ceasing push, rare intelligence, and judicious economy have been fully rewarded.

In 1893 experiments were begun in bicycle tires, and the next year a good many thousand tires were marketed; and in 1895 still more, both ‘Vici’ tires with an inner tube, and ‘Vim’ hose-pipe tires, and the latter at once became a pronounced success. The ‘Vim’ proved to be speedy, non-puncturable and durable, and at the end of 1895 the company found itself almost snowed under by orders for 1896.

The capital stock was again increased by another three hundred thousand dollars cash,—nine hundred thousand dollars in all,—the force at the factory was nearly doubled, and part of the machinery was run twenty-four hours a day. At the inception of this memorial year, it is doubtful whether any concern within the limits of Cambridge is employing more of its citizens in healthful factory-rooms, at good wages, and with reasonable hours of work.

There are within the factory walls a well-equipped laboratory, a printing and lithographic office, and a machine-shop employing forty men. Flat looms weave the peculiar goods for the bicycle tires, and circular looms turn out the hose. A large reclaiming plant is kept busy, and the rubber machinery is unsurpassed in the world. Perhaps as high a compliment as can be paid to Robert Cowen is that during all the years he has, as superintendent, been helping to build up this great industry, he has never had a strike, a shut-down, or a lock-out, and no concern has more employees who have grown gray in its service. They number many scores of men and women who have worked for it from a dozen to twenty years. [370]

At the other end of the line in Boston, the work is done with equal zeal and discretion. Over twenty traveling salesmen and thirty office-employees are engaged in distributing the manufactures of the company, while the branch stores in New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, and San Francisco almost double this staff. It is not often that it can be said that a young man undertakes the management of a business within a year of graduation (Mr. Davis is a Harvard ‘83 boy), and builds it up to so high a plane, without a single period of relapse. In each year since 1882 the annual sales have increased, the credit has bettered, and the standing of the concern become more firm. It has steadily discounted its purchases of raw material, and even during panic years has seen no day when it had to ask the renewal of a note, or an undue favor of a bank. A uniform dividend of eight per cent. a year has been steadily paid, and a considerable surplus put into new buildings and machinery. The men who have made the concern so prosperous are Robert Cowen and J. Edwin Davis, as for some years past Colonel Dodge, though retaining the presidency, has been much absent, and has exercised only an advisory control. Yet his juniors insist that at times they are glad to rely upon his judgment, matured by many years of intimate knowledge of the underlying requirements of the business, and they are unwilling to permit him to retire from the helm.

The directors have been unchanged for years: the three officers already named, and Messrs. J. N. Smith and Rhodes Lockwood.

In the average mind Cambridge is associated with the shady elms under which have walked and studied and played so many of our foremost citizens; its notable manufacturing facilities are known to few outside of the vicinity of Boston. There are, however, few cities in the world where building land and building facilities are so good; where water is abundant; where coal can be delivered in the original bottom at the very door of your boiler-room; where freight is taken from and brought into your own yard; where municipal control, insurance, and taxes are so fair; where a superb fire department watches over the safety of the factory plant; where intelligent labor can be so readily obtained at a moment's notice, and at a price which is fair to both employer and employee; where the workmen can live well and comfortably, enjoying an unsurpassed school-system and the advantages of a beautiful park; where, associated with the grand old university, there is such an institution as the Cambridge Manual Training School, at which any mechanic may see his son trained free of cost and fitted for the true American upward career. To Cambridge herself, as much as to any other one thing, is the success of all her manufacturing enterprises due, and all agree in acknowledging it.

The enterprise which forms the subject of this monograph is sound [371] to the core, and the city of Cambridge may well reckon the Boston Woven Hose and Rubber Co. among the best samples of prosperity in its memorial year.

John P. Squire & Co.

The history of the firm of John P. Squire & Co. Corporation, one of the large manufacturing interests in the city of Cambridge, is practically the story of the life and struggles of its founder, Mr. John P. Squire.

Mr. Squire was born in Weathersfield, Vt., May 8, 1819, and was the son of Peter and Esther (Craigue) Squire. He spent his boyhood days on his father's farm, working during the vacations and attending the public schools in term time. This early experience on a New England farm was no hindrance to him in his later experience in business life. His first introduction to business was in his sixteenth year, when he entered the store of Mr. Gad Orvis, in the village of West Windsor, Vt. He remained with Mr. Orvis until the winter of 1837, and, although everything was conducted on a very small scale, he gained a good deal of insight into the methods of business management.

In the winter of 1837, feeling the need of a better education, he attended the academy at Unity, N. H., of which the late Rev. A. A. Miner was then the principal; and during a part of the same year, to enable him to pay his expenses at the academy, he taught school at Cavendish, Vt. This finished his school education. He left the home of his boyhood, and moved to Boston March 19, 1838. He went to work immediately for Nathan Robbins, who was in business in Quincy Market, now commonly called Faneuil Hall Market, and continued with him until April 30, 1842, when he started for himself and formed a partnership with Francis Russell, under the style of Russell & Squire, at No. 25 Faneuil Hall Market, where the new firm carried on a provision business until 1847, when it was dissolved.

Mr. Squire continued the business at the same place alone until 1850, when the firm of John P. Squire & Co. was formed, his partners being Hiland Lockwood, who married Mr. Squire's sister, and Edward D. Kimball. This firm name of John P. Squire & Co. continued from that time until April 30, 1892, when the John P. Squire & Co. Corporation was formed. The partners of Mr. Squire changed several times between 1850 and the date of the formation of the corporation, and the changes were as follows:—

Edward D. Kimball retired and W. W. Kimball was admitted into the firm in the year 1866; in 1873 George W. Squire and Frank O. Squire, sons of Mr. Squire, became partners, and W. W. Kimball retired; Hiland Lockwood died in 1874, and George W. Squire withdrew [372] in 1876; Fred F. Squire, the youngest son, became a partner January 1, 1884.

When the corporation was formed, Mr. John P. Squire became president; Mr. Frank O. Squire, vice-president; and Mr. Fred F. Squire, treasurer.

In 1855 Mr. Squire bought a small tract of land in East Cambridge, on Miller's River, and built a slaughter-house, which was then adequate for the business. Additions and changes have been made from time to time, until now the corporation has one of the largest, most modern, and best-equipped packing-houses in the country, and the business carried on ranks as third in the hog-packing industry in the United States.

A short sketch showing the growth and facilities of the business as now carried on as contrasted with the early days may not be without interest. At first but one hog a day was slaughtered; and when the number slaughtered per day was twenty-five Mr. Squire thought, as he often remarked before his death, that he was on the high road to success. The average number now slaughtered varies from 2500 to over 4000 per day for every working day in the year, with a capacity for slaughtering 6000 per day. The total business done by Mr. Squire the first year amounted to about $16,000. At present the business aggregates about $16,000,000. The tract of land on which the plant is located has grown from the small piece first purchased in 1855 to include twenty-two acres, of which nearly fourteen are covered by buildings, the main building being six stories high and having several acres of floor space.

Originally the meats were cooled by placing them in large boxes of chopped ice. This crude method was superseded by using large buildings filled with ice, the lower portions of which were thus made refrigerators. One such was built by Mr. Squire about the year 1881, which held 37,000 tons of ice, and had three or four floors for cooling purposes besides the basement. After the fire of October 5, 1891, which destroyed the hog-house and burned out the interior of this large refrigerator, Mr. Squire adopted the De La Vergne system of artificial refrigeration, and built a large building wherein were located two large machines with a daily ice-melting capacity of 300 tons, and had this large refrigerator building equipped with the piping necessary for carrying on the refrigeration. By means of this change the area for cooling purposes was largely increased, having now a total of nine acres under refrigeration, and there can be hung at one time in this refrigerator 12,000 hogs. A large additional chimney, higher than Bunker Hill Monument, had to be built, and several new boilers to run the machinery had to be put in; the changes made necessary in the adoption of this improved system have largely increased the equipment [373] and the facilities for carrying on the pork-packing business of this corporation.

The live hogs are purchased in the West, and are shipped by rail to the packing-house in East Cambridge, and the freight paid for transportation amounts to a sum above $700,000 per annum. There are about 1000 men employed at the packing-house, and it may fairly be ranked as one of the important industries of the city of Cambridge.

Mr. Squire was a man of strict business integrity, very modest and unassuming in his demeanor; a man who was just in his dealing with all men. He was a man who to a large business capacity and experience added a keen foresight and a power to forecast the future.

The business has been continued since his death, January 7, 1893, by the corporation formed, as above stated, April 30, 1892.

Mr. Squire married, March 31, 1843, Kate Green Orvis, the daughter of his first employer, Mr. Gad Orvis, and left at his death nine children. His two sons, Frank 0. and Fred F. Squire, are at the head of the business. He built up the business he left and held the position which he did in commercial circles by reason of his untiring energy, his undaunted courage, his ability, and his strict integrity, and, by all the rules of the business world, earned all that he gained.

The Cambridge Electric Light Co.

The first meeting for the organization of this company was held December 1, 1885.

About that time much interest was felt in having the city lighted by electricity. The city had given assurances that a franchise would be granted in the streets for the erection and maintenance of poles and wires; and in the organization of the company the commissioner of corporations of Massachusetts allowed as part of the capital of the company (which was $60,000) the sum of $15,000 as the value of such franchise.

This so-called watering of the stock remained as part of the capital stock until 1895, when it was charged off from the earnings of the company and is no longer a part of the assets, although when mortgage bonds were issued the franchise was included as part of the property of the company.

The original members of the corporation were John E. Burgess, George A. Burgess, Porter A. Underwood, A. J. Applegate, and E. H. Mulliken.

Subscriptions for stock were opened, and L. M. Hannum, A. P. Morse, Dr. Charles Bullock, S. S. Sleeper, C. W. Kingsley, Gustavus Goepper, and others became stockholders, there being twenty-four in all. John E. Burgess, George A. Burgess, and P. A. Underwood were elected directors, and, January 27, 1886, were made officers of [374] the company at a meeting of the stockholders then held: John E. Burgess, president; George A. Burgess, treasurer; P. A. Underwood, clerk, and E. H. Mulliken, superintendent.

On December 30, 1886, the board of aldermen authorized the company to erect and maintain poles and wires on Main Street from West Boston Bridge to Brattle Square, and soon after a few arc lamps were installed. On September 1, 1887, 77 public arcs, 7 commercial arcs, and 847 incandescent lamps had been installed in the city.

At this time the city lighting was very poor, owing to the system in use and the imperfect construction of the lines and poles. In time that was obviated by the introduction of a new system, and the rebuilding almost entirely of the pole-lines, so as to avoid connection with trees and other obstructions. At the present time no better lighted streets are to be found in the State; and the city, as well as consumers generally, is seldom without a good and continuous service.

Messrs. Josiah Q. Bennett and F. H. Raymond were elected directors September 2, 1887, Mr. Bennett becoming the president and Mr. Raymond treasurer, which offices they have held until the present time.

The plant was originally placed in a wooden building belonging to George L. Damon, at 23 Main Street, the foundations of which were so unstable, and the business of the company increased so rapidly, that the stockholders determined upon a removal to some more commodious and convenient location nearer the centre of distribution for the current. The present location on Western Avenue was selected, the land purchased, and suitable buildings erected; and on the 11th of October, 1888, at twelve o'clock noon, the current was let on from the new station, just exactly two years from the date when the current was started in the old station.

On March 5, 1888. the stockholders authorized the issue of new capital up to $100.000, and on December 10, 1888, a still further issue was authorized up to $200,000, which is the present capital stock.

March 15. 1888, Mr. Mulliken resigned his position as superintendent, and Walter R. Eaton was chosen to take his place, which position he occupied until B. Otis Danforth was elected in April, 1891. Mr. Danforth now holds the office of superintendent.

In April, 1888, the Thompson-Houston Electric Company purchased a controlling interest in the stock of the company, and the old systems of electrical machinery made by the Weston and American Electric Company were changed to the Thompson-Houston system, which is now practically in use. A syndicate was formed in the latter part of 1889 to take the stock held by the Thompson-Houston Electric Company, and they parted with their interest. Many citizens of Cambridge not before stockholders became interested in the company. [375]

In 1889 the subject of running the street-cars by electricity began to attract the attention of the horse railroad company.

H. M. Whitney, president of the West End Street Railway Co., was one of the first to take definite action, and this company first supplied the current to storage batteries upon the Cambridge division of the West End Street Railway Co. The experiment was not at all satisfactory, and as the trolley-system had now been invented by Van de Poele, the West End Street Railway Co. adopted it, and Cambridge cars were first equipped with motors under that system, and from July, 1889, until April, 1892, all the cars equipped with electricity were run by power furnished the West End by this company. The business of the Cambridge Electric Light Co. having grown to such proportions as to require all the available plant, and the West End Co. having about finished its new power-stations in Boston and East Cambridge, the electric light company was forced to discontinue delivering power to the West End Co.

The business of the company has shown a constant increase since its formation, and current is now furnished to over 500 are lamps and 15,000 incandescent lamps, besides about 125 motors for mechanical purposes, from coffee-mills to printing-presses.

The number of men employed in 1887 was only six, and the total income at that time was not over $1500 per month, eighty per cent. of which was paid by the city.

The company now employs from thirty-five to forty men, and the monthly income is about $10,000, the city paying for street lighting about forty per cent. of that amount, showing the comparatively large increase in commercial lighting and power. House consumption is rapidly on the increase, and the most of the new dwellings are equipped with electric wiring.

For the past three years the company has been somewhat restricted in its growth by the agitation of municipal control, the first step being taken by the city council each year, but not consummated until late in 1895.

Reversible Collar Co.

Among the diversified business interests of Cambridge is that of the manufacture of the ‘linene’ collars and cuffs. The history of the Reversible Collar Co. is a story of a third of a century of marked business prosperity. In the early ‘sixties,’ the manufacture of paper collars was an important industry; the goods enjoying much favor from the general public.

In 1862 the late Mr. George K. Snow invented improvements in machinery and processes for the manufacture of paper collars, and a business arrangement was made with Messrs. March Brothers, [376] Pierce & Co., of Boston, for the manufacture and sale of the goods made by the improved methods.

After the close of the Civil War, a better and more substantial class of goods was introduced, and the paper collar gradually went out of use. Mr. Snow, however, kept his inventive faculty at work, and his inventions kept pace with the demand for better goods. In 1866 The Reversible Collar Co. was incorporated. Mr. Snow became its president, and George N. March, treasurer, and the manufacturing business of the company which had heretofore been done in Boston was transferred to Cambridge. The building situated between Arrow and Mount Auburn streets was purchased and prepared for the use of the company. About this time Mr. Snow invented and patented a machine for uniting cloth and paper in continuous rolls, which before this had always been done by hand, and in sheets, and the larger portion used was imported from England.

Mr. Snow's invention enabled the company to produce the most perfect fabric for machine-made collars that had been discovered, and the same method is now used in the manufacture of the fabric from which ‘linene’ goods are made.

In 1883 George N. March retired from the office of treasurer, and Eben Denton was chosen treasurer and general manager. Mr. Denton, finding that the collar business of the company used but a part of the plant, introduced a separate branch of business, that of manufacturing colored, glazed, and enameled papers; these met great success, and the demand for them rapidly increased.

Mr. Snow died in the summer of 1885, and Phineas Pierce was then chosen president, and Robert Butterworth superintendent of the works. The business of the company rapidly increased, and additions to the buildings were made at different times, until all the land of the original plant was covered.

In 1893 the company again found itself cramped for room, and it was necessary to seek a new location. A large lot of land extending from Putnam Avenue to Banks Street was purchased, and in 1895 one of the handsomest manufacturing buildings in Cambridge was erected. The main building is 222 feet long, 76 feet wide, and is three stories high above the basement; the engine and boiler house is fifty-seven by sixty feet, and two stories high, and the smokestack rises 127 feet above the ground.

The company employs about 125 persons, chiefly men. In addition to the manufacture of the ‘linene’ collars and cuffs, the output of which in 1895 was 11,573,000, about 1440 tons of coated, enameled, and glazed paper were finished and sold.

[377]

American Net and Twine Co.

The American Net and Twine Co. is located on land extending from Second to Third Street in East Cambridge, where are manufactured all kinds of cotton and linen nettings used in the different fisheries of the American continent.

This company commenced business in a very small way in the year 1842, and was located in the same building where their office now is, 34 Commercial Street, Boston.

At the time this business was established the fish-netting of this country was all made by hand, and was made almost entirely of hemp twines imported from England.

In the year 1844 James S. Shepard, of Canton, became connected with the company, and commenced the manufacture of the first cotton twine used for netting in this country, which eventually completely displaced the hemp twines in the American fisheries.

From this small beginning this company has steadily increased in size and capacity to its present standing, which finds it the largest producer of fish-nettings, twines, and lines in the world.

In the course of events, as their business increased and machinery was invented for the manufacture of netting, these machines were added to their plant, and constant additions were made until, in the year 1875, their old quarters being entirely inadequate to the handling of their business, they located in East Cambridge in the factory which they at present occupy.

This factory was built expressly for the manufacture of netting, and is a model of convenience for the work for which it is intended.

The ‘Gold Medal’ brand of cotton twine and netting, which is well known throughout all the fisheries of this continent, is manufactured by this company in their own mill. At their cotton-mill at Canton they manufacture from the raw material the cotton twines which are sent to the Cambridge factory, and there put into the great variety of sizes and shapes required in the different kinds of nets, seines, and pounds used in the commercial fisheries of the continent.

They also make a specialty of the linen gill netting business, and are proprietors of the ‘A. N. & T.’ ‘Coy’ brand of linen gilling, which probably is more used in the gill net fisheries than all other brands combined.

Their manufactures have received the highest award in every instance where exhibited in competition with others. At the ‘Centennial’ Exposition in Philadelphia, the ‘World's Fisheries Exhibition’ in London, England, in 1883, and the ‘World's Fair’ in Chicago in 1893, they came in competition with manufactures of the world, and secured the highest award in every line of work, receiving the only gold medal awarded in London, England, in 1883. [378]

At the factory at East Cambridge are employed some three hundred hands, where, with the patented machinery invented and developed by their own means, this company is enabled to produce at the lowest possible cost the great variety of goods employed in the fisheries.

The location of their factory at East Cambridge brings them in quick and easy communication with railroad and steamboat lines of Boston, enabling them to execute and deliver orders promptly to all parts of the North American continent.

The home office of the company is in Boston, 34 Commercial Street, and their only branch office is located at 199 Fulton Street, New York.

New York Biscuit Co.

This establishment, so well known all over the United States, was originally started by the late Artemas Kennedy in 1839, when he came to Cambridgeport and began business in a brick building on Main Street near Brookline, where he remained for about six years. He then built a frame house with bakery adjoining, on the site now occupied by the apartment house, the Lowell, Nos. 434 to 440 Massachusetts Avenue. He continued to bake crackers in this bakery for a period of about ten years, the actual consumption of flour being about four barrels per day, which was kneaded, rolled, formed by hand, and the crackers were pitched into the oven one by one. He established routes within a radius of forty miles for selling and disposing of the product of his factory. Subsequently he shipped many goods to California during the gold fever, and also to Australia and England. Even so far back as 1855 steam was introduced into his factory, and the product was increased so that nine barrels of flour were turned out daily. He continued to increase his trade up to 1861, in which year he died, and Frank A. Kennedy, his only son, succeeded to the business. From that time the business increased very rapidly indeed, and agencies were established in New York city, Philadelphia, and Chicago. It was found necessary to run his factory night and day. In 1869 the first reel or mechanical ovens were built, which increased the capacity to about twenty barrels of flour per oven. From time to time more reel ovens were added to the plant, and in 1875 a large brick building was erected on Green Street, the present site of the New York Biscuit Co. factory. Subsequently additional ovens were found necessary, and the business had a very rapid growth.

In 1882 the F. A. Kennedy Co. was incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts, to succeed F. A. Kennedy, which corporation continued to exist until the business was sold out to the New York Biscuit Co. on May 10, 1890.

The New York Biscuit Co. is a corporation established under the laws of the State of Illinois, and was organized in 1889. It at first [379] simply included five or six bakeries in New York city, but during 1890 plants were purchased in different sections of the country, and the F. A. Kennedy Co., as stated above, was bought by them on May 10, 1890. The New York Biscuit Co. has factories and branches in all the leading cities of the United States. It controls the leading brands of crackers and biscuit known in this country, including the celebrated Kennedy, Holmes & Coutts, Larrabee, Bent & Co., Pearson Pilot Bread, and in fact all of the leading standard brands of crackers and biscuit principally known east of the Mississippi River. It has a capital stock of nine million dollars. The principal office is in Chicago, Ill.

The Cambridgeport factory is the second largest plant of the New York Biscuit Co., and has the capacity of consuming from three hundred to four hundred barrels of flour per day. To take care of its output one hundred wagons and one hundred and fifty horses are used. Six hundred and fifty residents of the city of Cambridge are constantly employed in this factory.

Alvan Clark & Sons.

In an article written by Professor Simon Newcomb, and published in ‘Scribner's Magazine’ in 1873, he says: ‘When we trace back the chain of causes which led to the construction of the great Washington telescope, we find it to commence with so small a matter as the accidental breaking of a dinner-bell, in the year 1843, at the Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.’

One of the students, George B. Clark by name, gathered up the fragments of the bell, took them to his home in Cambridgeport, melted them, and cast them into a disk. His father, Alvan Clark, assisted him, and the combined skill of father and son produced a five-inch reflecting telescope. Alvan Clark, the father, was born in Ashfield, Mass., in 1804, and was at this time a portrait painter; he had decided mechanical tastes, and at one time had worked as a fine-line engraver.

Taking up his new work with ardor, he spent several years making glasses of gradually increasing size. The first recognition of his genius came from England. The Rev. W. R. Dawes, a leading amateur astronomer, gave him an order for a glass, which was immediately followed by an order for a second one.

Mr. Clark commenced the construction of a telescope for the University of Mississippi, but on account of the outbreak of the Civil War, it was not delivered. It was afterwards sold to the Chicago Astronomical Society. He was awarded the Rumford medal for his approved method in locating errors and eliminating them by the method of local correction. His first work in telescope making was done in his home on Prospect Street, opposite the Tilton House. The [380] firm moved to the present location at about 1860. Alvan Clark died in August, 1887, and George B. Clark in December, 1891. The business is now carried on by the remaining son, Alvan G. Clark.

In 1862 Alvan G. Clark, by the aid of a newly constructed glass, discovered the companion to Sirius, and for this discovery he was awarded the Lelande medal of the French Academy of Sciences.

Among the great telescopes made by this firm may be named the 26-inch Washington Refractor, the 30-inch Pulkowa Refractor, the 36-inch Lick Refractor, and the recently completed 40-inch Yerkes Refractor.

The workshops are contained in a brick building, located near the residence of Mr. Clark, on the shore of Charles River, at the foot of Brookline Street. They are thoroughly equipped with all necessary machinery and tools. The firm of Alvan Clark & Sons stands at the head of telescope-makers. Their reputation is world-wide.

The Cambridge gas Light Co.

A charter from the State of Massachusetts in 1852 granted Charles C. Little, Isaac Livermore, and Gardiner G. Hubbard, their associates and successors, the right of making and selling gas, and allowed them a capital of three hundred thousand dollars.

The company was organized on the 22d day of June, 1852, by the election of John H. Blake, Isaac Livermore, Charles C. Little, Estes Howe, and Gardiner G. Hubbard as directors; the last named was chosen president, and Estes Howe was the clerk and treasurer from the beginning until his death in 1887.

Blake & Darracott were the contractors who erected the first works; these works were located south of Mount Auburn Street, at the foot of Bath (then Bath Lane) and Ash streets, now appropriated for the Charles River Park. Pipes were laid in portions of Cambridge, and in 1856 they were extended into that part of Somerville lying southwesterly of the Boston & Lowell Railroad.

In 1871, the output of gas having reached fifty-seven million cubic feet per annum, steps were taken to build larger works, and a transfer was made to the present location on Third Street (then Court Street) in East Cambridge. The capacity was one million feet per day, but there is ample room for all future extensions. In 1872, by authority of the State, the capital of the company was fixed at one million dollars, of which at the present time seven hundred thousand are paid in. In 1873 gas was made for a time in both localities, but in 1874 the old works were permanently given up.

In 1876 the advent of kerosene materially interfered with the use of gas, and the consumption, which in 1875 had been eighty-four million feet, fell to fifty-seven million feet in 1879. [381]

From 1879 the increase in consumption was gradual; but in 1886, when the lighting of the streets was largely changed from gas to electricity, a new impetus became apparent in indoor illumination, and the sales of gas, which in that year were ninety-seven million feet, rose rapidly to one hundred and seventy million feet in 1895; the use of gas in cooling and heating has its share in this increase, and all shows a greater affluence among the inhabitants of the city.

The present board of directors is composed of seven members: Willard A. Bullard, Daniel U. Chamberlin, Henry Endicott, Stanley B. Hildreth, Henry C. Rand, Daniel G. Tyler, and Quincy A. Vinal.

Daniel U. Chamberlin is the president: Adolph Vogl, clerk and treasurer; and Horace A. Allyn, superintendent.

American Rubber Co.

The American Rubber Co. was organized in 1872 under the laws of Massachusetts. A jobbing business was done until 1877, when the factory was built in Cambridge for the purpose of manufacturing boots, shoes, clothing, and wringer rolls. The plant was entirely destroyed by fire in December, 1881, but was at once rebuilt on a larger scale, and the capital increased from two hundred thousand to five hundred thousand dollars and later to one million dollars.

In 1877 the amount of floor space in use was two acres, the number of employees one hundred, the pay-roll sixty thousand dollars, and the product valued at three hundred thousand dollars. At the present time the floor space covers seven and one fourth acres, the number of employees is fifteen hundred, the pay-roll nearly six hundred and thirty thousand dollars, and the value of the product three and one half million dollars per annum.

Mr. R. D. Evans was the originator of the company, and he has remained at its head to the present time. Mr. Allen L. Comstock is superintendent.

The capacity of the plant at the present time is twenty-five thousand pairs of boots and shoes and two thousand rubber coats and mackintoshes per day. This company was among the first to make mackintosh coats in the United States, beginning as an experiment and increasing their product slowly, until they now make nearly one thousand per day. The company have branch houses in New York, Chicago, St. Louis, and St. Paul, the product is sold over the country from Maine to California, and a large export trade is being developed. One million two hundred thousand pounds of crude rubber and cotton and woolen cloths and other materials to the value of one million dollars are used annually.

The company state that among the advantages found from being located in Cambridge are excellent freight facilities, nearness to the [382] Boston market, and the ease with which they can find workmen when needed.

A. H. Hews & Co.

own the oldest existing pottery in the United States, located in North Cambridge. The business was founded at Weston, in 1765, by the grandfather of the present senior member of the firm of A. H. Hews & Co. On the fly-leaf of the journal of the founder of the business is written ‘Abraham Hews's book, Weston.’ The first entry was made on the day of the battle of Lexington:—

April 19, 1775.
Lemuel Jones, to ware, Dr.028
Isaac Flagg, to ware, Dr.027
April 29, 1775.
Isaac Jones, to ware, Dr.020
Nathan Darkhurs, to ware, Dr.020
June 19, 1793.
David Brackett, to my horse to Framingham, 12 miles, Dr.030
Thos. Rand to S thousd shingle nales, Dr.0174
October 28, 1794.
the Widow Ward, to Earthern ware, Dr.
May, 1797.
Esq. A. Ward, to 1 1/2 Days work Charles and oxen Braking up, Dr.0120
Mch 4, 1800.
Dr. Amos Brancroft, to ware, Dr.016
the Widow Lucy Sanderson, to Hogg, Dr2178

For more than one hundred years the business remained in the same location, and passed through the hands of four generations. In 1870 it was removed to Cambridge. The early records of the concern show that the principal articles of manufacture were beanpots, bread and milk pans, and teapots, and that the trade was mostly barter, exchange for groceries, New England rum, etc.

Until the year 1864 or 1865, common flower-pots, the world over, were made by hand on the potter's wheel, which was propelled by hand or foot. In 1869 the concern manufactured seven hundred thousand flower-pots; in 1894 seven million. In addition to this enormous number of flower-pots they turned out large quantities of jardinieres, cuspidors, and umbrella stands.

During the busy season they employ one hundred and fifty hands, with a weekly pay-roll of one thousand dollars. The capital employed is from fifty to seventy-five thousand dollars.

Alden Speare's Sons & Co.,

manufacturers, importers, and exporters of oils, emery, starches, and mill and laundry supplies; general headquarters, 369 Atlantic Avenue, Boston; works at East Cambridge, Mass., Walpole, Mass., [383] and Fall River, Mass.,—was established in 1851. The help employed numbers between four and five hundred people.

The works at East Cambridge are the largest. Here every modern facility is employed to carry on their extensive oil trade. The works are reached from the Boston & Albany Railroad by a private spur track, known as the Rogers Street Siding. By the use of large pumps, tank-cars containing seven thousand gallons of oil can be emptied of their contents in half an hour, and seven cars can be pumped at one time. Similar facilities for the reception of imported oils are employed. A private wharf is located at Third Street, large enough for the biggest vessel. The oils are pumped into large tanks, of which there are twenty, with a capacity of over one hundred and fifty thousand gallons, the oil first passing through immense oil presses, rendering it free from all foreign substances. Many of the neighboring factories are supplied with oil through lines of connecting pipe.

To carry on this business, over an acre of floor space, as well as acres of open yards, is required. Thirty teams and many tank wagons assist. Two one hundred horse-power boilers and seventy-five horsepower high-speed auxiliary engines, with electrical apparatus, furnish power and light. Private telephone lines connect the works with a ‘central’ in the main office in Boston, whereby the different departments can communicate with each other, or with the general public, if desired.

The firm is now composed of Lewis R. Speare, Henry I. Hall, E. Ray Speare, and Alden Speare, special, ex-president of the Chamber of Commerce, and present president of the Boston Board of Trade.

They have offices and agencies in nearly all the large cities in America, with a foreign representative.

A brief history of the Riverside Bindery, Blackstone Street.

The name of ‘The Riverside Bindery’ was first given to this establishment by Mr. James Brown, the father of Mr. John Murray Brown, who is the only surviving member of the original firm of Messrs. Little, Brown & Co., the well-known law-book publishers of No. 254 Washington Street, Boston. This business had its conception in the year 1852, in a small wooden structure situated on Remington Street, Cambridge, then owned by Mr. Little, the business being conducted by A. F. Lemon and Charles P. Clark, Esq. From Remington Street the business was removed to Blackstone Street, and was carried on in conjunction with a law-book business then being conducted under the management of Benjamin F. Nourse and John Remick, in the ‘old Almshouse,’ which was purchased by Mr. Little from the city of Cambridge. It stood on a part of the estate where now is the worldnowned [384] establishment called The Riverside Press, owned and operated by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Messrs. Nourse & Remick were succeeded by Messrs. Lemon, Remick & Fields (the latter a brother of the Mr. James T. Fields of the famous publishing-house of Fields, Osgood & Co., Boston). These were in turn succeeded by A. F. Lemon and Messrs. Little, Brown & Co., as equal partners. Mr. Lemon's interests were eventually purchased by its present proprietors, Messrs. Little, Brown & Co.

The Riverside Bindery was finally removed across the street to its present location. It is noted far and near for the excellency of its fine leather bindings.

The writer of this article is indebted to Mr. John Bartlett, formerly a copartner of Messrs. Little, Brown & Co., and the author of ‘Bartlett's Familiar Quotations,’ and also to Mr. A. F. Lemon and Mr. C. F. Wilson, the present manager of the establishment.

The George G. Page Box Co.

The George G. Page Box Co. has grown with our city's progress until it is now the largest concern of the kind in the New England States. Mr. George G. Page, whose name the company bears, and who was its founder, was born in Dorchester, N. H., in 1807. In 1844 Mr. Page commenced the manufacture of boxes and packing-cases in Cambridgeport, his shop being on what is now Magazine Street, where all the work was done by hand. In 1845 he built a small factory and dwelling-house at the junction of Hampshire Street and Broadway, the site now occupied by the present corporation. In 1857 the factory and dwelling-house were both totally destroyed by fire. Mr. Page rebuilt his factory upon a larger scale. Into his new building he put an engine of thirty horse-power and other new machinery. After a short time it was found that the business was increasing, and that more room and better facilities were required, and extensive additions were made. The manufacture of cigar-boxes became a prominent feature in the industry, and nearly one hundred people were given employment where only a few years before two or three were all that were required. Wood-working machinery had not at that time reached that high degree of perfection it has now, consequently more skilled labor was needed to do the same amount of work than is necessary in these days. Another disaster by fire came upon the industry in 1873. One evening a blaze started in the cellar of the factory, and in a short time both building and machinery were totally destroyed, together with two sheds full of lumber, a cargo of lumber that had only been landed a few days before, and their large lumber wharf, and a dry-house full of hard-pine boards. Notwithstanding this sudden and heavy loss, but a short time was required to place the concern again [385] in working order. The old furniture manufactory of Batchelder, Moore & Co., of East Cambridge, was secured, and new machinery put in, and a room was hired in Leander Greely's building, where the cigar branch was carried on. Early in the spring of 1874 the present brick building, one hundred and thirty by fifty feet, three stories high, was commenced, and in July of the same year it was ready for occupancy. At this time Mr. Wesley L. Page became a junior partner, and the firm name was George G. Page & Co. In 1880 failing health compelled Mr. George G. Page to relinquish all active part in the business, and he retired, leaving its entire management to his two sons. In December, 1882, Mr. Ovando G. Page died, and the following March the present corporation was formed, under the style of the George G. Page Box Co.

Its present officers are: Wesley L. Page, president; Clarence M. Howlett, treasurer; Dana R. Johnson, clerk; who constitute the board of directors.

On the 13th day of January, 1886, Mr. George G. Page died, but he lived to see the works which he founded on so small a scale become one of the largest of their line in New England. The present plant consists of a brick building known as Factory No. 1, one hundred and thirty by fifty feet, three stories high, and a wooden building known as Factory No. 2, one hundred by fifty feet, of three stories. In the rear of Factory No. 1 is a storehouse, sixty feet square and two stories in height. Outside of the main building is a brick boiler and engine room, built in 1885. The buildings are thoroughly protected against accident by fire by steam-pipes, which run to every part of the buildings, and in case of fire the opening of a valve in the engine-room will at once fill any or every room with raw steam. Automatic sprinklers are also run through every story. The various buildings and yards are lighted by incandescent lamps, the supply for which is taken from a plant of their own. On the first or ground floor of Factory No. 1 are located the planers. Here the lumber is received just as it comes by vessel or car from the mills in the Maine forests. Formerly a load of boards required two or three handlings during its transportation from the car or vessel to the machinery, but now the truck or team upon which it is loaded backs up to the wide doorway, where it is slid on rollers directly to the machine. There are several of these planing-machines in constant operation, finishing thirty thousand feet per day. These machines plane two boards at once on both sides. After leaving the planing-machine the lumber goes to the cutting-off saws, where it is cut into the proper lengths for boxes. Other saws cut it into proper widths for sides, tops, bottoms, ends, or whatever it is intended to be used for. The pieces are fitted by means of a matching-machine, and then they are in shape to be put together into boxes of any size or shape desired, from the smallest up to a piano case. [386]

On the second floor is located the room where all the tools, saws, and cutters are kept in condition by an experienced man employed only for that purpose, the remainder of the floor being used by band-saws, locking-machines, combination cut-off saws, and other machinery used in the general manufacture.

On the third floor are the machines where the small lock-corner boxes are made. From Factory No. 1 all the work goes to be finished to Factory No. 2, which is in the rear but connected by a covered bridge. On the first floor of Factory No. 2 is situated the printing department, which has grown to be a very important branch of the box-making business, by which means pasting on of labels has been done away with. Several presses are kept here in constant operation, printing the ends and sides for the boxes in one or more colors. On the second floor is situated the superintendent's and shipping-clerk's office. Here, also, are located the various machines for finishing large lock-corner boxes, and several men are employed making up boxes that are too large to be nailed by machines.

On the third floor of Factory No. 2 is found more of the lock-corner machinery, nailing-machines, etc., used in finishing all kinds of boxes. Here are in use five nailing-machines, which, with those in other departments, make twelve in all, and will drive nails from three-fourths inch up to three inches in length. In the several departments, five hundred thousand feet or more of lumber cut to size is constantly kept in stock ready to be put together.

There is very little waste in an establishment of this kind. Sawdust and chips are sold. and the shavings are used for fuel. No coal is used in running the engine. The shavings are blown into the boiler-room to be used for fuel, and the surplus shavings are blown into the second story of the shaving building, from whence they are dropped through a spout into wagons and carted away. The chips are sold for kindling. The entire product of five mills located in Maine and Massachusetts is taken by this company, and, in addition thereto, part of the product of several others is required to supply their needs. Eight to nine million feet are used annually, and three or four million carried in stock. From four to five hundred cars a year are now unloaded in the yard of the Page Box Co.

Parry Brothers.

Cambridge has achieved an enviable reputation for many thriving industries, and among the number that of manufacturing the best brick deserves a word of special mention. The business is all concentrated in one section, a part of Ward 5, North Cambridge. The various pits are located at the upper portion of the section named above, and the most extensive manufacturers are Parry Brothers, whose success and fame in this line are due to unceasing energy, push, and enterprise. [387]

The firm originated in 1874, when the late C. E. Parry, father of the Parry brothers, commenced the industry at the old New England Brick Co.'s plant at the foot of Raymond Street. Mr. Parry died in 1878, and his sons, Messrs. John and William, continued the business under the firm name of Parry Brothers. In 1880 Mr. A. R. Smith was admitted into the partnership. He remained with the firm till 1883, when he sold out his interest to the other partners, and in the spring of 1884 an entirely new firm was organized, consisting of Parry brothers alone–that is, of John E., William A., George A., and Richard H. Parry. That same winter the firm purchased the property and business of the Cambridge Brick Co., and transferred the same to the extensive new yards which they had built on Concord Avenue.

It was at this date that the firm began to make its most rapid strides forward. Their first notable effort was the experiment of brick-making in winter, which was tried with successful results at their Concord Avenue yard. Up to this time there had not been a winter brick made in Massachusetts or New England. They erected the necessary big drier or oven, and at Christmas time in 1885 were turning out, without difficulty, and regardless of the weather, thousands of brick a day. This new method of brick-making is accomplished by artificially drying the brick in an oven by means of hot air instead of by exposure to the sun. Since it has been adopted and proved to be a success by Parry Brothers, several other manufacturers have followed suit.

The process of brick-making at the Concord Avenue yard is an interesting sight. The clay, after being dug out of a large pit by a steam shovel, instead of by hand, as in former days, is thrown into a truck, which is hauled over a track by steam-power, the contents being dumped into the pugging-mills, and it is then forced into a revolving screen, which separates the stones from the clay. The next step is putting it into the brick machine, where the clay is pressed into moulds, and comes out properly shaped at the rate of ninety bricks a minute. The bricks are then placed by hand upon other trucks, several rows deep, and rolled back upon a track into the huge drier, where they remain about twenty-four hours, under a temperature of from 180 to 200 degrees Fahrenheit. When properly dried, the bricks are hauled over a track on the same trucks to the kilns, where they are taken off and piled up forty bricks high in arches containing twenty-nine thousand each. It takes from seven to ten days of constant burning to give the required standard color and hardness. They are then ready for the market.

It was in the winter of 1885 that the Concord Avenue yards were purchased; since then the company has established a large plant in Belmont, just over the Cambridge line. The Boston office of the firm is at No. 10 Broad Street.

[388]

The Bay State brick Co.

was organized in 1863 with a capital of seventy-five thousand dollars, which has since been increased to three hundred thousand dollars. The company employs from three to four hundred men, and has an annual capacity of fifty to sixty million brick. The plant has the latest and most improved machinery for the prosecution of its work. The Boston office of the company is in the Smith Building, 15 Court Street.

D. Warren De Rosay

manufactures annually fifteen million brick. The business was founded in 1881. The capital invested is fifty thousand dollars, and some fifty men are employed. The company makes a specialty of common sewer and paving brick. The Boston office is at 17 Otis Street.

Other plants in Cambridge are those of N. M. Cofran & Co., Concord Avenue; Edward A. Foster, near Walden Street; M. W. Sands, Walden Street.

Alexander McDonald & Son.

The first business of the kind in this city was established by Alexander McDonald in 1856, when he commenced cutting marble for monumental purposes. Since that time the business has steadily increased, changing somewhat to meet the demands when granite was introduced.

Mr. McDonald invented the McDonald Stone-Cutting Machine, which is in successful operation in the largest granite works from Maine to California. He was the first to run a quarry entirely by steam-power without the use of horses or oxen. Granite for many fine buildings has been furnished by the firm. Among them are the Worcester Lunatic Asylum and the Durfee High School at Fall River, also memorial work of every description at other places. The Cambridge soldiers' monument, and the soldiers' monument for the national government in Salisbury, N. C., erected in 1872,—the largest obelisk at that time ever manufactured in the United States, measuring four feet square and thirty-one feet in length,—were made here. In 1887 Frank R. McDonald was taken into the firm, and since that time the business has been confined principally to fine monumental work from all kinds of marble and granite.

It has been found more profitable to do the principal cutting and heavy work at the quarries, though at the Cambridge works from twenty to thirty men are constantly employed to do the carving and finishing.

Some of the finest monuments, headstones, tablets, and carved work have been made here, and erected in Mount Auburn and other prominent [389] cemeteries in the United States. The works are located opposite Mount Auburn Cemetery entrance.

The Connecticut steam-stone Co.,

incorporated April 3, 1893, with a paid — up capital of ten thousand dollars, is located on First Street, East Cambridge, and is a branch of the Connecticut Steam Brown-Stone Company of Portland, Conn., the largest stone-cutting and milling establishment in the country. E. Irving Bell, of Portland, is president; J. David Renton, treasurer; and George Everett, general manager. Their business is that of treating building-stone. Since their location in Cambridge they have invested thirty thousand dollars in the plant for stone cutting and finishing, and have been awarded contracts for such buildings as the Salem and West Newton High Schools, Lowell Court-House and State Normal School. They employ from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty men.

John J. Horgan, manufacturer of monuments, statuary, posts, curbing, etc., established May 7, 1866, and located 45 to 83 Main Street, Cambridgeport, gives employment to twenty men. He uses a large amount of Italian and domestic marble, and his work is sent all over the country.

Among others engaged in stone working are: The Charles River Stone Co., Austin Ford & Son, R. J. Rutherford, Union Marble and Granite Works, A. Higgins & Co., and William A. Bertsch.

Dover Stamping Co.

The Dover Stamping Co. was founded in 1833 by Mr. Horace Whitney, of Dover, N. H. Quite early in life he conceived the idea of making tin covers by means of dies; these articles at that time being raised up by hammering by hand, a very slow process. It was not until 1847 that he succeeded in doing such work. The business was carried along in a small way for a number of years, and finally it became necessary to establish an office in Boston, Mass., which was done in 1857, changing the firm name of Horace Whitney & Co. to the present name of Dover Stamping Co. The principal part of the business was the stamping of tin plates into tinware of all kinds.

In 1865 it was found necessary to have the works nearer the salesroom in Boston, and a tract of land was bought in Cambridge, and extensive works erected.

Mr. Whitney was one of the early pioneers in the business. The concern grew, and in 1871 it became a corporation, under the general laws of Massachusetts. Mr. Whitney was chosen its president, and continued in office until his death, in 1883. The present management is [390] wholly made up of employees who have passed more than thirty years in its service.

Edward H. Whitney, son of the original founder, is president, as well as mechanical superintendent of its factory in Cambridge. Joseph Moulton is business manager, and also secretary and clerk of the corporation, and Horace N. Loveland is treasurer. These three, with Messrs. Thomas Fernald and A. O. Swain, make up the board of directors.

The Seavey manufacturing Co.,

Third Street, corner of Potter, are engaged in a similar business. They own a large brick factory, and employ a considerable number of hands. Their Boston office is on North Street.

William L. Lockhart & Co.

William L. Lockhart & Co., manufacturers of and wholesale dealers in coffins, caskets, and undertakers' supplies, is the largest establishment of its kind in New England. The factory occupies the entire square on Bridge Street, between Third and Water streets, East Cambridge. The business was established on Bridge Street, near Prison Point Street, in 1854, by D. & W. L. Lockhart, and so continued until 1858, when W. L. Lockhart became sole partner. In 1860 the factory with its contents was entirely destroyed by fire. Mr. Lockhart immediately rebuilt on the present site. January 1, 1893, a copartnership was formed with Charles H. Lockhart, Albert E. Lockhart, and George H. Howard, under the firm name of William L. Lockhart & Co. More than one hundred and twenty-five skilled operators are given steady employment, and a large business has been built up, extending throughout the United States, Canada, and portions of South America.

The warerooms are situated in the business portion of Boston, and are readily accessible from all parts of the city. The building used is of brick and sandstone, six stories high, located at the junction of Merrimac and Causeway streets, and was erected by Mr. Lockhart for the express purpose for which it is used. The different floors of the building are divided as follows (each floor contains about five thousand square feet) : second floor, offices and salesroom, and casket hardware department; third floor, show-rooms; fourth floor, for packing and shipping; fifth and sixth floors, storage.

Standard Turning Works.

The Standard Turning Works is a corporation organized under the laws of Massachusetts, with a capital of twenty-five thousand dollars. It was organized as a corporation in 1882, the business having been established in 1862. The business is the only one of the kind within [391] many miles of Cambridge, and consists of making, by automatic and special machinery, handles of all kinds and special turnings of any description; in fact, any article turned from wood or ivory. A large variety of woods, both native and foreign, is used, and the concern claims to keep in stock more kinds of wood than can be found elsewhere in America.

Their extensive storehouses are filled with manufactured goods, and with material ready to be worked into any required shape. The business employs about twenty hands, and it is a matter of pride with the management that work is found for their employees every day in the year except legal holidays. The trade extends over the United States, with some export trade.

The officers of the corporation are Walter Ela, president and treasurer, and Richard Ela, manager.

Charles place.

Charles Place, manufacturer of paper boxes, is located at 134 Norfolk Street. Mr. Place began business in 1885, occupying a cellar kitchen on the corner of Broadway and Moore Street, and employing five girls in the manufacture of fancy boxes. The growth of the business soon compelled a change in quarters, and Mr. Place moved to Norfolk Street. In 1890 the building was enlarged to one hundred by fifty feet and five stories in height, and about one hundred and fifty hands were employed. In 1893 another addition was made, fifty by forty feet, and from the present outlook more room will soon be a necessity. Employment is given to fifty men and two hundred girls.

The basement of the factory is used almost entirely for storage of stock; the other floors are given up to the making of boxes, from the tiniest pill-box to the largest used in the clothing and fur trade. The number of boxes turned out averages seventeen thousand per day. Machines specially designed for the work are run by steam power.

H. M. Sawyer & Son.

This business was established in 1840 by Mr. B. D. Moody, and between that date and 1877 it was conducted by Pettingill & Blodgett, Pettingill, Moody & Blodgett, Pettingill, Moody & Sawyer, Pettingill & Sawyer, and finally, in August, 1877, the former partners having retired, Mr. H. M. Sawyer became the sole owner. In 1887 Mr. C. H. Sawyer being admitted, the firm was conducted under the name of H. M. Sawyer & Son, under which name it is now being run. At the time the business was established the product consisted largely of waterproofed hats, and it was not until some years later that waterproofed clothing was manufactured to any great extent. Of late years, however, clothing has become the largest feature in the product, and the goods are now sold in almost every country in the world.

[392]

Henry Thayer & Co.

In 1847 Henry Thayer was the proprietor of a retail apothecary store on Main Street, Cambridgeport, and began in a small way to manufacture fluid extracts. Beginning in a little room in the rear of his store, the business increased rapidly, and he soon had to seek larger quarters. A small two-story building was erected, but in a year or two this too proved insufficient, and they removed to the brick building on Main Street known as the Douglass Block. In the mean time John P. Putnam and Francis Hardy had become members of the firm. In 1870 they erected the brick building on Broadway which they now occupy as a laboratory. The building is four stories with a basement, sixty by eighty feet, with an annex sixty by forty feet. The firm is recognized as among the leading manufacturing chemists of the day, their goods being sent all over the world.

Goepper Brothers.

The steam barrel factory of William and Gustavus Goepper is located on the corner of Ninth and Spring streets, East Cambridge. The business was begun in Charlestown in 1871, and removed to Cambridge in 1872 and located on Gore Street. In 1880 the firm purchased their present location, which has a frontage of two hundred and ten feet on the Grand Junction Railroad, and which enables them to unload cooperage stock direct from the cars to the dry-houses and storehouses. The capacity of the works is about thirty-five hundred new and fifteen hundred second-hand barrels per day. The capital engaged is thirty thousand dollars, and employment is given to forty men. The pay-roll is about twenty thousand dollars per annum.

New England spring-bed Co.

This company began business in Boston in 1890. Soon after it removed to Cambridgeport, and it now occupies the brick factory on Osborn Street, corner of Main. It makes a specialty of spiral spring-beds and woven wire cots. It also imports brass and iron bedsteads. The latter are finished at the factory on Main Street, near the spring-bed factory, where it has a large oven for baking the enamel. The company has a well-equipped plant for the work required, and in the busy season employs about forty hands. The output is sold mainly in New England, although there is some export trade. Elmer H. Grey is president, and M. S. Fickett treasurer, of the company. The Boston office is 90 Canal Street.

[393]

Charles E. Pierce & Co.,

manufacturers of tin cans, 442 Main Street, began business in 1875, and at present employ about twenty hands. They make a specialty of cracker, varnish, and syrup cans, the work being done with dies and machinery. They are the patentees of the process of making solderless square tin boxes for the use of biscuit and confectionery manufacturers, also patentees of the key-opening screw can-top, used in all kinds of preserve cans. The concern uses mostly American tin plate, made in sizes to suit their work. The manufactured goods are sold all over New England, and shipped West as far as St. Paul. The partners are C. E. Pierce and Charles Waugh.

P. J. McElroy & Co.

Glass-making was one of the earliest of manufacturing industries in Cambridge; in fact, the industry was once a prominent one in New England. Competition in the West and the ability to produce a cheaper glass has caused an almost entire removal of the industry to that section. P. J. McElroy & Co. are the only manufacturers of glass left in Cambridge. The business was established in 1853, and the product—glass tubes, philosophical and surgical instruments—is sold over the United States, with large exports to South America, Japan, and Australia.

Carlos L. Page & Co.

Carlos L. Page & Co., located at Nos. 164 to 174 Broadway, Cambridgeport, have carried on the business of box-making for ten years. They occupy a four-story brick factory seventy-five by forty feet, which, with other buildings, covers an area of about forty thousand square feet. The factory is fully equipped with all modern machinery necessary to carry on a large business. The lumber used in the construction of boxes is brought from Maine and New Hampshire, and about four million feet is used annually. Employment is given to sixty men.

David Wilcox & Co.

This business was established in Cambridgeport in 1860. The company manufactures fine-grade stiff, silk, and soft hats for the retail trade throughout the country. The capacity of the factory is from sixty to seventy dozen per day. One hundred and fifty hands are employed, and the weekly pay-roll is from fifteen hundred to two thousand dollars. The partners are David Wilcox, Elbert P. Wilcox, and F. R. Going.

Howe spring-bed Co.

The manufacture of spring-beds was established in Cambridge in [394] 1854 by Tyler and Otis Howe, father and son. The elder Howe died in 1880, and the business was continued by his son until his death in 1891. It was then purchased by Melvin M. Hannum, the present owner. Three floors of a brick building eighty feet by forty are occupied in the manufacture of spring-beds, cots, and berth bottoms. The product is sold over the United States, with some exports to England.

Revere Sugar Refinery.

The Revere Sugar Refinery, situated between the Boston & Lowell Railroad and Miller's River, East Cambridge, began operations in 1871. They occupy an extensive building of six stories, and employ directly about one hundred and thirty men, with an annual pay-roll of one hundred thousand dollars. They also furnish steady work to a considerable number of coopers and teamsters. The daily capacity of the works is about fourteen hundred barrels of refined sugar.

Jerome Marble & Co.

This company manufactures oils, starches, dye-stuffs and chemicals, and is located on Fifth Street, corner of Rogers, Cambridgeport. The firm is sole agent for the National Linseed Oil Company, and has Boston offices at 42 Pearl Street.

A. & E. Burton & Co.

This business was established in 1844 by Harvey & Burton, and is located at Nos. 122 and 124 Harvard Street, Cambridgeport. They manufacture brushes and feather dusters to the value of two hundred thousand dollars annually, and employ from seventy-five to one hundred hands.

James A. Furfey,

manufacturer of cocoa mats and matting, is the successor of the business of James Furfey, which was established in 1848. Factory and office, Brookline and Erie streets, Cambridgeport.

F. M. Eaton,

No. 351 Broadway, makes bristle brushes and corn brooms.

Join C. Dow & Co.

are manufacturers of fertilizers, and their factory is located on Portland Street, East Cambridge. Boston office, 13 Chatham Street.

C. W. H. Moulton & Co.,

Gore Street, East Cambridge, claim the honor of being the oldest ladder manufactory in America. Their product is extension ladders, step ladders, trestles, clothes horses, lawn settees, splint and reed chairs.

[395]

The W. F. Webster cement Co.

has a factory on Albany Street, Cambridgeport, and there manufactures elastic cement.

The barber Asphalt paving Co.,

makers of Trinidad Lake asphalt pavements, are located on First Street, near the West Boston Bridge. Mr. Charles Harris is manager.

W. W. Reid manufacturing Co.,

436 Main Street, manufactures shoe blacking, liquid and paste belt dressing, and liquid and paste metal polish.

Breed Weeder Co.,

State Street, corner of Osborn, manufacture farming tools. William 0. Breed is the manager of the business, and the Boston office is at 26 Merchants' Row.

Cambridge vinegar Co.,

manufacturers of vinegar, are located at 75 Main Street, Cambridgeport.

David W. Davis,

manufacturer of bluing, is located on Clay Street.

Street railways.

The West Boston Bridge was opened in 1793, and soon afterwards a public conveyance was established, which made a trip once a day; afterwards two trips were made daily, leaving Cambridge at eight o'clock A. M. and two o'clock P. M., returning at noon and six o'clock P. M. The Cambridge stage started from Boyden's, Dock Square.

Previous to that date, from the time of the first settlement, access to Boston was difficult. There was a choice, it is true, of ferries, and one might cross the river at Charlestown, or at the foot of the present Boylston Street, whence the route lay through Roxbury and across the Neck, then only wide enough for the passage of Washington Street.

In the early part of the century Reed & Soper kept a livery stable on Dunster Street and ran a line of three-seated stages to Boston, passing through Main Street and over the West Boston Bridge.

In 1826 Captain Ebenezer Kimball, the then landlord of a tavern on Pearl Street, Cambridgeport, started the ‘hourly.’ Later, a man named Tarbox ran a two-horse stage line between Cambridge and Boston. Afterwards, Thomas Stearns, Tarbox, Dexter Pratt, and a man named Sargent put on a four-horse omnibus line. Stearns bought out his partners, and carried the business on for a long time. Mr. Stearns, who is now living on Farwell Place, Old Cambridge, says his tolls amounted to one thousand dollars per month. [396]

Abel Willard and Mark Bills also had stage lines, but they were afterwards consolidated with those of Stearns & Kimball, and ran until they sold out to the horse railroad. Before the consolidation of the rival stage lines, competition was so great that cabs were put on for the purpose of calling at private residences for passengers upon proper notice being given.

The ‘Harvard Branch’ had a brief existence. It was a spur from the Fitchburg Railroad to a point near the Common, between the Law School and the Gymnasium in Old Cambridge. Its officers were Gardiner G. Hubbard, president, and Dr. Estes Howe, treasurer, who, with James Dana, of Charlestown, Oliver Hastings, Joseph W. Ward, and William L. Whitney, of Cambridge, constituted the board of directors.

The Cambridge Railroad was incorporated in 1853, and was leased soon afterwards to the Union Railway. The story of the beginnings of this road, by Mr. Frederick T. Stevens, for many years its treasurer, is of exceeding interest:—

The Union Railway Company was incorporated under the laws of this commonwealth and approved by the governor, Henry J. Gardner, May 15, 1855. The first meeting was held October 8 of the same year.

The principal instigator in this then great work was our well-known citizen, Gardiner G. Hubbard, to whom the city of Cambridge owes a debt of gratitude. He was the prime mover in almost every project at that time for the practical benefit of the city. He was aided by such men as the late Judge Willard Phillips, Herbert H. Stimpson, Charles C. Little, Estes Howe, and John Livermore. These men believed that the time would come when the pumps would get rusty and the wells go dry; that whales would become scarce and candle dips would not afford the light needed; and that omnibuses would not accommodate the requirements of the generations to come, and hence we have to-day, as the results of their foresight, the Cambridge Water-Works, the Gas Light Company, and the successor of the Union Railway Company,—the West End Company. Let no one suppose for one instant, however, that the originators of these works were any more philanthropic than some of the railway kings of the present day.

The first call for a meeting of the stockholders of the Union Railway Company was dated September 11, 1855, and signed by the late John C. Stiles as “one of the persons named in the act of incorporation.” The meeting was held at the office of Gardiner G. Hubbard, 5 Congress Street, Boston, and was adjourned, for want of a quorum, to October 8, at the City Exchange Building. At that meeting the [397] act of incorporation was accepted. The meeting was called to order by Mr. Hubbard, who was chosen chairman, and the late Dr. Estes Howe was elected clerk pro tempore. The officers elected were: directors, H. H. Stimpson, Willard Phillips, Charles C. Little, and G. G. Hubbard; Estes Howe was elected clerk and treasurer. Of these Mr. Hubbard is now the only living representative. Mr. Stimpson was appointed a committee to procure subscriptions to the capital stock, and Messrs. Little, Hubbard, and Stimpson a committee to arrange the lease with the Cambridge Railroad Company, who were the owners of the corporate right to lay tracks in the streets.

At this time it was hard to find any one who would take stock in any such concern, and the Union Railway Company was incorporated for the purpose of leasing any or all of the tracks of the Cambridge Railroad Company, or of any connecting tracks. Messrs. Hubbard and Stimpson were a committee to confer with the Cambridge omnibus proprietors with reference to the purchase of their property. The committee on cars was Messrs. Hubbard, Stimpson, and William A. Saunders. Adjourned meetings of the company were held, at which no quorum was present. Finally, on the 19th, a meeting was held, and a code of by-laws adopted. When enough of these brave fellows could be brought together, which was seldom, they evidently made them attend to business, for at a protracted meeting on the 27th day of this same month, the long-mooted question of procuring cars was settled, and Mr. Hubbard was appointed a committee to procure five cars from Messrs. Eaton & Gilbert. These were the first purchased by any street railway company in the city of Boston.

Speaking of these cars recalls to my memory that the late Abel Willard, one of the proprietors of the omnibus line, once told me that he, with many others, rode into Boston (not in a car, however) to view the spectacle of one of these same cars coming down Cambridge Street hill. They did not believe that there was power enough in the brakes to hold the car, but that it would run upon and injure the horses, and finally land somewhere in the vicinity of Charles River. A great change came over the party when they saw how nicely everything operated, and “ Uncle Abel” said that from that time he was satisfied that his omnibus line had got to go under.

Meetings of the directors at this time were very frequent, but no business of importance was transacted which would interest the public at this day. The subject which seemed to interest the directors most was the question of purchasing two lots on Lambert [now Huron] Avenue; another subject agitated at this time was the purchase of iron cars—‘electrics’ were not dreamed of in those days. The first president of the company, Mr. H. H. Stimpson, was elected December 6, 1855, and at the same meeting an assessment of twenty-five per centum [398] on the capital stock was laid, and the following vote was unanimously passed: “ That the president be authorized to contract with E. Tucker for twenty (20) harnesses, provided he will take one share of stock in part payment of the same.” Times have changed somewhat, and it is not quite so difficult to dispose of West End preferred. On the 19th of December, 1855, the following rates were established for the omnibuses: to Mount Auburn, Old Cambridge, and Brattle Street, 15 cents; to Porter's Station, 10 cents; to Cambridgeport, 8 cents; 12 tickets to Old Cambridge, $1; 15 tickets to Cambridgeport, $1; 13 packages of $1 tickets for $12.

It was at this time that Dana Street was established as the dividing line between Cambridgeport and Old Cambridge, and that conductors were obliged to furnish bonds in the sum of five hundred dollars, with two sureties, for the faithful performance of their duties.

The following action of the directors was highly appreciated by many of the passengers, and was the cause of great rejoicing among those who derived a benefit from it, even if they did have to pay for it: “ That the one-horse hack be kept at the Port to call for and take passengers, and that ten (10) cents be charged for a single passage, and five cents each for two if deposited at the same point, and that a suitable vehicle be kept at Old Cambridge to run at the same rates. For all distances over half a mile from the respective offices double fares to be charged; tickets to be issued for all the omnibuses and hacks.”

At this time the way-fare was established at five cents, and children between the ages of four and fourteen were charged the way-fare instead of the fares heretofore fixed upon for adult passengers. On the first day of March, 1856, the fares were reduced, being fixed at ten cents, and twelve tickets for one dollar, and to Old Cambridge, thirteen cents, and ten tickets for one dollar.

Now comes the question of the removal of snow from the street in Boston,—nothing being said about snow in the streets of this city. March 12, 1856, it was voted by the board of directors: “That Mr. Hubbard be a committee with power to make arrangements with the city of Boston for the removal of the snow and ice from Cambridge Street, from the Revere House to the bridge, provided the same can be done at a cost of not over one hundred dollars to the company.” Comments upon the action of the company relative to the removal of snow at that time are unnecessary, but of one thing we are assured: there were no “ snow fights ;” they knew their business and considered their money well invested. March 29, 1856, Mr. William A. Saunders was elected a director in place of Mr. John Livermore, who had declined a reflection.

Those who are interested in the subject of “dead-head passes” may [399] like to know that even as far back as 1856 passes were given, and undoubtedly “for a consideration.” The first car was run March 26, 1856, and three days after the board voted: “ That tickets be given to Brattle House, Revere House, and to the ‘Cambridge Chronicle.’ ” At this time the Brattle House was, I think, under the charge of Landlord Willard, and the “Chronicle” was the only paper published in this city.

Many complaints were made by the people of Cambridge that the accommodations furnished by the Cambridge Railway were insufficient; this culminated in the incorporation of the Charles River Railroad in 1881. Tracks were laid by this company from Harvard Square through Brighton (now Boylston), Mount Auburn streets, Putnam Avenue, and Green Street to Central Square, Main, Columbia, and Hampshire streets to the junction of the tracks of the Cambridge Railway on Broadway, the latter company having refused them the right to make connection on Main Street. The Charles River Company laid tracks also from Porter's Station to Hampshire Street, and from Union Square, Somerville, through Springfield Street, connecting with Hampshire Street tracks at Inman Street; they also built tracks through Brookline Street. The first board of directors was composed of C. E. Raymond, Emmons Raymond, Daniel U. Chamberlin, Henry O. Houghton, Fred S. Davis, Henry F. Woods, of Somerville, Samuel L. Montague, James H. Hilton, and Edmund Reardon. Charles E. Raymond was president, and Daniel U. Chamberlin treasurer.

The Cambridge and Charles River roads became a part of the West End system in 1887.

The West End now controls practically all the street-car lines centring in Boston; it has adopted the overhead electric system, and is furnishing service and equipment unsurpassed by any street railway in America. [400]

To illustrate the extent of the travel between Boston and Cambridge, William J. Marvin, Bridge Commissioner, has prepared the following table:—

Traffic over West Boston, Craigie, Prison Point, and Harvard bridges, April 18, 1896, between the hours of 6 A. M. and 7 P. M..

Teams.Horses.People.Bicycles.Cars.Passengers.
West Boston Bridge4,035,5,4669,9022461,04620,231
Craigie Bridge7,28410,92614,91320256312,695
Prison Point Bridge1,9752,9163,96295
Harvard Bridge3,8014,8517,9983,35247813,750
———————–—–—–—–—–—–
Total17,09524,15936,7753,8952,08746,676

The writer wishes to express his regret that this exhibit of the financial and industrial institutions of Cambridge is not entirely complete. Opportunity was given to every manufacturer to make a presentation of his share in the general work of the community, and there has been no omission except when that opportunity has been neglected. Sufficient information has, however, been offered to surprise all who have not kept pace with the rapid advance of the city in these respects, and far more than enough to make good the assertion that, as a manufacturing centre, Cambridge stands foremost, and has before it a future which must fulfill the most brilliant expectations. The survey, brief as it necessarily is, shows that many sites are left on which great industrial establishments can be planted, amid surroundings which must prove satisfactory to the capitalist as well as a blessing to the employee.

1 Currency values, average gold being $1.57.

2 Currency values, average gold being $1.57.

3 Currency values, average gold being $1.57.

4 Figures being in currency, average gold being $1.12.

5 Figures being in currency, average gold being $1.12.

6 Figures being in currency, average gold being $1.12.

7 Figures being in currency, average gold being $1.12.

8 In currency, average gold being $1.12.

9 Embraces baking and yeast powders, 1 ; bicycles and tricycles,, 1 ; boots and shoes, rubber, 1 ; boxes, fancy and paper, 1; brass, 1 ; cheese and butter, urban dairy product, 1; chemicals, 1; coffins, burial cases, and undertakers' goods, 1; collars and cuffs, paper, 1; cordage and twine, 2; cotton goods, 1 ; cutlery and edge tools, 2 ; dyeing and cleansing, 2; electrical apparatus and supplies, 1; engraving and die-sinking, 1; lancy articles, not elsewhere specified, 2; fertilizers, 1 ; flavoring extracts, 2 ; food preparations, 2; fur goods, 1 ; furniture, chairs, 1; galvanizing, 1 ; gas, illuminating and heating, 1 ; gloves and mittens, 1 ; hairwork, 2 ; hardware, 1; hats and caps, not including wool hats, 1 ; hosiery and knit goods, 1 ; instruments, professional and scientific, 1 ; iron and steel, 1 ; ironwork, architectural and ornamental, 1 ; kindling wood, 2 ; labels and tags, 1 ; lime and cement, 1 ; liquors, distilled, 1 ; models and patterns, 1 ; musical instruments and materials, not specified, 2 ; nets and seines, 1; optical goods, 1; paving and paving materials, 1 ; photographic materials, 1; pickles, preserves, and sauces, 1; plated and britannia ware, 1; plumbers' supplies, 2 ; pulp goods, 1 ; rubber and elastic goods, 1 ; safes and vaults, 1 ; sewing-machine repairing, 2 ; shipbuilding, 2 ; slaughtering and meat-packing, wholesale, 2 ; slaughtering, wholesale, not including meat-packing, 1; sporting goods, 1; springs, steel, car, and carriage, 1 ; stamped ware, 2 ; stationery goods, not elsewhere specified, 1; steam-fittings and heating apparatus, 1 ; steam-packing, 2; tools, not elsewhere specified, 1; trunks and valises, 2 ; umbrellas and canes, 1 ; vinegar and cider, 1; whips, 1 ; window shades, 1.

10 Embraces baking and yeast powders, 1 ; bicycles and tricycles,, 1 ; boots and shoes, rubber, 1 ; boxes, fancy and paper, 1; brass, 1 ; cheese and butter, urban dairy product, 1; chemicals, 1; coffins, burial cases, and undertakers' goods, 1; collars and cuffs, paper, 1; cordage and twine, 2; cotton goods, 1 ; cutlery and edge tools, 2 ; dyeing and cleansing, 2; electrical apparatus and supplies, 1; engraving and die-sinking, 1; lancy articles, not elsewhere specified, 2; fertilizers, 1 ; flavoring extracts, 2 ; food preparations, 2; fur goods, 1 ; furniture, chairs, 1; galvanizing, 1 ; gas, illuminating and heating, 1 ; gloves and mittens, 1 ; hairwork, 2 ; hardware, 1; hats and caps, not including wool hats, 1 ; hosiery and knit goods, 1 ; instruments, professional and fecientific, 1 ; iron and steel, 1 ; ironwork, architectural and ornamental, 1 ; kindling wood, 2 ; labels and tags, 1 ; lime and cement, 1 ; liquors, distilled, 1 ; models and patterns, 1 ; musical instruments and materials, not specified, 2 ; nets and seines, 1; optical goods, 1; paving and paving materials, 1 ; photographic materials, 1; pickles, preserves, and sauces, 1; plated and britannia ware, 1; plumbers' supplies, 2 ; pulp goods, 1 ; rubber and elastic goods, 1 ; safes and vaults, 1 ; sewing-machine repairing, 2 ; shipbuilding, 2 ; slaughtering and meat-packing, wholesale, 2 ; slaughtering, wholesale, not including meat-packing, 1; sporting goods, 1; springs, steel, car, and carriage, 1 ; stamped ware, 2 ; stationery goods, not elsewhere specified, 1; steam-fittings and heating apparatus, 1 ; steam-packing, 2; tools, not elsewhere specified, 1; trunks and valises, 2 ; umbrellas and canes, 1 ; vinegar and cider, 1; whips, 1 ; window shades, 1.

11 the reader is indebted for this interesting description of the Woven hose Co. To Colonel Theodore Ayrault Dodge.—editor.

Cambridge, 1896.

Tufts University provided support for entering this text.

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