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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
ived in Samos before it was merged into the Greek Empire, which took place when it was conquered by Athens, 440 B. C. A work on iron and steel written in 1550 does not mention any use for cast-iron; castings in bronze and brass had been known and used for certainly forty centuries. The early mode of making cannon was by fitting iron bars together and hooping them, but they were subsequently cast of bronze. British iron was cast by Ralph Page and Peter Baude in Sussex in the year 1543. In 1612, 1613, and 1619, patents were granted in England for the use of coal in iron-casting. The first two were unsuccessful, and the last would appear to have been successful, as it provoked the usual results, — a mob tore down the establishment. The writer does not recollect any account of the tearing down of a shop where a supposed perpetualmotion engine was domiciled. Emmanuel Swedenborg, in his Regnum Subterraneum (1734), credits the English workmen with the first successful casting of iro
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
85 is a late form, which has an ice-chamber and non-conducting casing. The gardens of Montezuma were adorned and nourished by streams and fountains. For the former they were indebted to extensive aqueducts. The possession of the latter shows that they were acquainted with the principles of hydraulics. Portable fountain. Among the most remarkable fountains are the Fon- tana di Trevi at Rome, constructed for Pope Clement XII. in 1735; the Fontana Paolina, erected for Pope Paul V. in 1612; the Fontana della Acqua Felice, or Fountain of Moses. The fountains of Versailles, made for Louis XIV., and the Jet d'eau of St. Cloud, are much admired. The fountains of Chatsworth, in Derbyshire, England, the residence of the Duke of Devonshire, are particularly grand; as are also those of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, near London. Cincinnati is also proud of a fountain made in Germany, and of a very Teutonic aspect. 2. The beer fountain, as it is called, used for drawing liquors i
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
ar, chain-gear, back-gear, overhead-gear; or by which parts are operated, as valve-gear, hoisting-gear, expansion-gear. Also to other devices involving an assemblage of parts, as running-gear of a wagon. Archimedes was acquainted with toothed wheelwork before the Christian era. Thomas Young does not doubt that Ebn-Junis, at the end of the tenth century, had applied the pendulum to the measurement of time, but ascribes the first combination of the pendulum with wheel-work to Santorio, in 1612. The hydraulic clock of Ctesibus, under Ptolemy Euergetes II., which gave the civil hours throughout the year at Alexandria, was, according to the description of Vitruvius, a real astronomical clock; a very complicated hydraulic machine, working by means of toothed wheels. It is not improbable that the clock presented by Haroun al Raschid to Charlemagne, and which marked the hours by the sound of small balls falling, and also by the appearance of miniature horsemen through doors, was an
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
from the use of wood coal to that of mineral coal was only accomplished in England after a great many futile attempts. In the reign of Elizabeth, blast-furnaces were of sufficient size to produce from two to three tons of pig-iron per day by the use of charcoal. In the small works, the iron was made malleable before being withdrawn from the blast-furnace, and in larger works was treated by the refinery-furnace. Wood becoming scarce, and a number of furnaces having gone out of blast, in 1612, Simon Sturtevant was granted a patent for thirty-one years for the use of pit-coal in smelting iron. Failing in his proposed plans, he rendered up his patent the following year. The patent was granted in 1613 to John Ravenson, who also failed, and resigned his patent, which was again and again granted to succeeding inventors and adventurers who believed themselves possessed of the means and knowledge for accomplishing the object. In 1619 the patent came into the hands of Dudley, who a
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
62,73450364,862 10362,84360365,454 20363,15870365,937 30363,64180366,252 40364,23390366,361 The length of the degrees of longitude at every tenth degree is as follows: — Latitude.Length of degree of longitude in English feetLatitude.Length of degree of longitude in English feet. 0365,16250235,171 10359,64060183,629 20343,26370125,254 30316,4938063,612 40280,106900 Odometers were possessed by Augustus, the Elector of Saxony, A. D. 1553-86, and for Emperor Rodolphus II. 1576-1612. In the eighteenth century they became common, and descriptions are found in scientific reports and works of that date. Hohlfield, born at Hennerndorf, in Saxony, in 1711, seems to have much improved the instrument. A new French instrument, termed a compteur mecanique, or calculating-machine, not only reckons the distance traversed, but indicates as well the exact sum of money due to the driver. Two dials are fixed on the back of the driving-seat; one contains a clock, while on the o
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
f and the arm hung vertically. Galileo, about 1581, observed the swinging of a suspended lamp and the regularity of the vibrations recommended a pendulous weight as a time-measurer. He applied it as such successfully, at first employing persons to count the oscillations, but soon effected it by machinery. Dr. Thomas Young in his lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanic Arts, 1807, Vol. I. p. 19, ascribes the first com- bination of the pendulum with wheel-work to Sanctorius, in 1612. Pendulums. The conical or spherical pendulum is one which moves in a circle under the influence of gravitation, it and its suspending cord describing a cone, of which the point of suspension is the apex. The theory of such a pendulum is of a complicated nature, and the instrument, not being used in practical horology, possesses little interest to the non-scientific reader. It is, however, employed in controlling the rotating mechanism of the equatorial telescope. The theory of the o
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
turies to accomplish this with wood, and several other centuries to devise means for substituting pit-coal for charcoal. In the reign of Elizabeth blast-furnaces were of sufficient size to produce from two to three tons of pig-iron per day by the use of charcoal. In the small works the iron was made malleable before being withdrawn from the blast-furnace, and in larger works was treated by the refinery furnace. Wood becoming scarce, and a number of furnaces having gone out of blast, in 1612 Simon Sturtevant was granted a patent in England for 31 years for the use of pit-coal in smelting iron. Failing in his proposed plans, he rendered up his patent in the following year. Successive persons applied for a patent for the same, the government continuing desirous of encouraging the development of home resources. Dudley, in 1619, succeeded in producing three tons of iron per week in a small blast-furnace by the use of coke from pit-coal. The parties who yet possessed plenty of woo