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I.
Ice-anchor.
（
Nautical.) A bent bar whose prong enters a hole in the ice; to the other end a mooring-hawser is bent.
Ice-ap-pli′an-ces.
Sec:—
| Ice-anchor. | Ice-hook. |
| Ice-apron. | Ice-house. |
| Ice-beam. | Ice-leveler. |
| Iceberg-alarm. | Ice-locomotive. |
| Ice-boat. | Ice-making. |
| Ice-box. | Ice-marker. |
| Ice-breaker. | Ice-pick. |
| Ice-calk. | Ice-pitcher. |
| Ice-carriage. | Ice-plane. |
| Ice-chain. | Ice-plow. |
| Ice-chest. | Ice-preserver. |
| Ice-chisel. | Ice-safe. |
| Ice-claw. | Ice-sandal. |
| Ice-cream freezer. | Ice-saw. |
| Ice-creeper. | Ice-scraper. |
| Ice-crusher. | Ice-shaver. |
| Ice-cutter. | Ice-spade. |
| Ice-cutting machine. | Ice-tongs. |
| Ice-elevator. | Ice-tools. |
Ice-a′pron.
（
Hydraulic Engineering.) An icebreaker or
starting to protect the upper end of a bridge-pier.
It presents an inclined edge up stream to break a field or cake of floating ice, or to sustain the pressure of a gorge of ice, and prevent the direct dislodging push of the ice upon the pier.
The ice-aprons of the
Eads's St. Louis Railway Bridge are 200 feet long and 60 feet wide, and present an angle of 45° to the current.
The frames are of squared oak timber, with three-inch oak planking and No. 16
sheet-iron skin.
Ice-beam.
A guard-plank at a ship's bow to fend off ice.
Ice′berg-a-larm′.
A thermometrical device to indicate the vicinity of icebergs by the cooling of the water, which is made to spring an alarm.
Ice-boat.
1. One employed for traveling on ice.
The
ice-boats on the Maeze and Y, in
Holland, consist of ordinary boats mounted on runners.
The boat rests on transverse pieces, which are secured to a pair of parallel runners resembling those of skates.
The extremities of the transverse pieces serve as outriggers, from which stays pass to the mast-heads of the craft to preserve the boat from being careened in its cradle when the sails are spread.
The lower edge of the rudder is sharpened, to give it a sufficient adhesion to the ice to enable it to swerve the boat.
A boat can be made of a few planks, three skateirons, a mast and sail, at a cost of a few dollars.
The boat is V-shaped, composed of three planks, two forming the sides and one the base, which is the stern.
Under each angle are skate-irons hung on pivots to allow swing.
The craft is steered by the iron at the apex or bow. The rigging is usually sloop or yacht rig. These boats sail admirably, and may be numbered on the
Hudson by scores; something over a hundred being owned by the various clubs and by private persons.
Regattas take place on this river during the winter season when the condition of the ice and state of the wind invites.
Attempts to utilize ice-boats for passenger and freight travel have not as yet been successful, owing to several uncertainties in themselves and their mode of going, the state of the ice, the state of the wind, and the probable condition of the cargo if the ice break.
2. A steamboat having a sharp and heavily strengthened prow and bow for forcing its way through ice in a harbor to keep a passage open for vessels.
A favorite form of prow is a long ram, presenting an inclined edge to the ice, which is lifted by and broken across the sharp back of the ram.
Ice-box.
A chest for domestic use for keeping cool provisions liable to spoil in warm weather.
Ice-break′er.
1.
a. A structure for the protection of bridge-piers, etc. It is of masonry or timber.
In the
Victoria Bridge across the
St. Lawrence at
Montreal it is a long, sloping ridge of stone presented up stream, and forming a wedge-shaped starling.
Other ice-breakers are starlings of
piles or
cribs. See ice-apron. See also pivot-bridge.
b. A pier arranged with reference to the current, to prevent access of ice to the vessels in a harbor.
2. An
ice-breaker for harbors is a steam-vessel provided with means for opening or keeping open a channel for ships.
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Ice-calk. |
Ice-calk.
A spiked plate to be worn on the heel to keep the wearer from slipping on ice.
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Ice-carriage. |
Ice-car′riage.
A platform on runners, and with a means for propulsion on ice. The toothed wheel holds to the ice, and is turned by a small spur-wheel, which is engaged by a larger wheel actuated by a double-ended pawl lever.
The brake consists of a pointed, vertically moving bar, which is ordinarily kept free from the ice by a spring.
Ice-chair.
A chair on runners to hold a lady who is pushed along by a skater in the rear.
Ice-chest.
A form of domestic ice-chamber having apartments for the ice and the provisions, the food-chamber being cooled by air conducted to it from the ice-box or by the cold side of the latter, which forms a part of the inclosure of the food-chamber.
In the example, the ice-box has an arched bottom and perforated depressions that connect with the drip-pans.
A large refrigerating surface is thereby exposed to the air of the preserving chamber, and the temperature is reduced by contact of the drip.
Ice-chisel.
A socket chisel with a long handle, used in cutting holes in ice, either in Arctic explorations or as a starting-point for the saw in gather-
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ing ice for use. Also for striking off blocks after they are partially detached by the cutter.
See
c f,
Fig. 2658.
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Ice-chest. |
Ice-claw.
A rope and pair of claws, for grappling ice-blocks.
See
k,
Fig. 2658.
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Ice-cream freezer. |
Ice-cream Freez′er.
A machine in which cream, custard, or lemonade is stirred within a metallic vessel which is plunged in a tub of mingled broken ice and salt.
The dasher has vertical reciprocation by the play of a crank-pin in a horizontal slot of its cross-head.
The vertical and pivoted scrapers have rotary and reciprocating motions respectively to clear the can sides.
The paddles throw the cream outward.
The can may be rotated or the dasher reciprocated singly, if desired.
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Ice-Creeper. |
Ice-creep′er.
A socket for the heel of a boot, having spurs to prevent slipping on ice. In the illustration, it is shown inverted.
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Ice-crusher. |
Ice-crush′er.
An implement for breaking ice into small fragments for cooling beverages.
In the example, the ice is forced through the grated bottom of the cylinder by means of the lever piston.
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Ice-cutter. |
Ice-cut′ter.
A plane for shaving ice for cooling beverages.
In the example, a reciprocating plane moves under a hopper in which is a block provided with a rod for pushing the ice against the plane.
Under the hopper and below the plane is a spring for holding a tumbler into which the cut ice falls.
See also Iceplane.
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Ice-cutting machine. |
Ice-cut′--ting Machine′.
One for cutting kerfs in pond ice, to reduce the surface to strips which are afterwards broken into blocks by the axe or spade.
In the example, it is a circular saw on a sled, which is drawn by a horse.
The saw receives motion from a serrated wheel which engages the ice, and is vertically adjustable by a rack and pinion operating its journal-frame.
See also
b,
Fig. 2658.
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Ice-elevator. |
Ice-el′e-va-tor.
A machine for lifting block-ice from one level to another, as from the pond level to the ice-house; in the ice-house from one level to another; and so forth.
There are several kinds.
In one, the ice is pushed up a spiral incline by the arms projecting radially from a vertical rotating central post.
Fig. 2641 is another form, in which an endless chain has a series of hooks
R which grab the blocks of ice and draw them up the incline
G E. This is made in sections hinged together, so as to permit either of the upper sections to be placed at different angles to discharge the ice at different elevations.
The frame supporting the driving-wheel of the endless chain has a
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spring bar which sets the hooks in a position to engage with the cakes of ice.
Ice-hook.
A hook used in landing ice and transporting it on ways to a house or hold.
See
g,
Fig. 2658.
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Endless-chain ice-elevator. |
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Ice-house. |
Ice-house.
Plutarch records that the snow, collected on the mountains during the winter months, was preserved during the summer in deep pits covered with coarse cloths and with chaff.
Water cooled with snow was considered a great luxury.
Theocritus calls it an ambrosial drink, but Aristotle seems to have doubted its healthfulness.
Solomon refers to its use in Prov.
XXV. 13: “As the cold of snow in the time of harvest, so is a faithful messenger to them that send him; for he refresheth the soul of his master.”
When
Alexander the
Great besieged Patra, he caused thirty trenches to be dug and filled with snow, which was covered with oak branches, and kept a long time.
In
Portugal, “snow is collected in a deep gulley, and grass or green sods, covered with sheep-dung, is thrown over it, and under these it is so well preserved that the whole summer through it is sent the distance of sixty Spanish miles to
Lisbon” ; at least, such was the case in the last century.
In
Southern Europe and
Asia Minor it may be observed that snow is, and always has been, used instead of ice, being more easily attainable from the summits of the mountains, while ice must be either imported or made artificially.
The
Appenines, the
Sierra Nevada, and other mountains of
South Europe, yield an inexhaustible supply in winter in regions where snow seldom or never falls on the plains below, and a very slight protection from the heats of summer suffices to preserve it at considerable elevations above the sea, where the thermometer never ranges very high.
At least one natural ice-house has been discovered on
Mount Etna, where a vast deposit of snow, covered by a mass of ashes and lava, has been preserved for untold ages.
The highest natural temperature authentically recorded was at
Bagdad, in 1819, when the themometer in the shade indicated 120° Fah. On the west coast of
Africa the heat is nearly as great.
The men employed in the English expedition to
Abyssinia think that Aden is the hottest hole on earth.
Burckhardt, in
Egypt, and
Humboldt, in
South America, observed 117° Fah. in the shade.
About—70° is the lowest temperature observed by our Arctic navigators.
Natterer, a German chemist, obtained—220° Fah.
Faraday obtained—166° Fah. Neither succeeded in freezing pure alcohol or ether.
Fig. 2642 is a sectional view of an ice-house for brewers and butchers.
It has an ice-chamber
B and cooling-vault
A, provided with one or more ventilators
I.
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Ice-leveler. |
Ice-lev′el-er.
An implement for leveling the surface of pond ice. It has an oblong frame, upon the front side of which is affixed a cutting-edge of steel.
From the forward end a tongue projects, and from the rear a guiding-pole with a bent knee, composed of a metallic rod that runs upon the ice. A wide board is adjusted to the front side of the frame for removing snow.
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Ice-locomotive. |
Ice-lo-co-mo′tive.
A traction engine for running on ice; one constructed by
Messrs. Neilson of
Glasgow, and employed for conveying passengers and freight between
St. Petersburg and
Cronstadt, has two driving-wheels five feet in diameter and studded with spikes.
The front part rests on a sledge, which is swiveled and may be turned by the wheel, which has an endless screw working a pinion that turns a segment rack attached to the sledbody.
The cylinders are 10 inches in diameter and
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22 inches stroke.
The weight of the engine is 12 tons, and it attains a speed of 18 miles an hour.
Ice-mak′ing.
Evaporation, radiation, liquefaction, and sudden reduction of pressure, are the causes by which the temperature of a body may be depressed.
Class 1.
Vaporization.
This includes those processes which depend upon the vaporization of water, ether, ammonia, benzole, etc., which, in assuming the vaporous form, change sensible heat to latent, extracting it from the objects most convenient thereto,—in this case a reservoir of water whose contents are thereby congealed.
In this class are the atomizers or spray apparatus.
One form of this machine is founded upon the old practice in Hindostan, of cooling water by the evaporation from the outer surface of porous vessels through which the contents percolate.
A part is thus sacrificed in cooling the remainder, the water in its evaporation rendering latent the heat abstracted from the contents of the jar. The extent to which this process is carried determines whether the water is cooled to the freezing-point or not.
A modification of this device is found in wrapping a non-porous jar or other vessel with a bibulous covering, which is kept wet and subjected to a draft of air. The contents of the vessel part with their sensible heat in furnishing the heat required by the evaporation of the water in the envelope.
“Protagorus, relating the voyage of King Antiochus down the river
Nile, says: ‘They expose the water in large earthen ewers on the top of the house, and two slaves are kept sprinkling the vessels with water the whole night; and at day break they bring them down and immerse the ewers in water, which is used without snow, as it is cool enough.’
” —
Deipnosophists.
The opinion prevailed among the ancients that water previously boiled or heated was more readily cooled, and in
