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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
ediate valve and opens the eduction-valve Q. The latent heat of steam being about 950°, steam at 212° may be said to have 950° latent and 212° sensible heat, = 1162°. Steam mixed with 5 1/2 times its weight of water at 32° will raise the latter to nearly boiling heat, though the water requires a great increment of heat to raise it a few degrees more, as so much heat becomes latent in passing to the condition of steam. The formula for construction of these engines is given as follows by Cresy. The cylinder has a diameter equal to half its length. The velocity in feet per minute should be 98 times the square root of the length of the stroke. The stroke of the air-pump should be half that of the cylinder, and the diameter of the air-piston three eighths that of the steam-piston. The area of the steam passage is: as 4800 is to the velocity in feet per minute, so is the area of the cylinder to the area of the steam passage. To ascertain the quantity of steam, multiply <
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
el. Movable gates to restrain the water on the higher level and admit the passage of boats were introduced in the navigation of the Tesino and Adda to Milan. Cresy dates the invention of canal-locks to 1188, when Pitentino restored the Mincio to its ancient channel to the Po, from whence it had been diverted by the Romans in ed by the architect Perronet, to drain the coffer-dams of his bridges at Orleans and elsewhere, were worked by manual, horse, and water power, and are described in Cresy's Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering. The bucketwheel he used at the bridge of Nenilly is described under noria. The tube of the hand-worked chapelet c was ve puddled. The interior enclosure is then pumped out. Coffer-dam of London bridge. The pier coffer-dam of London Bridge (Fig. 1375) is described at length in Cresy. It is elliptical in form, and a portion of it is shown in plan in the figure. It was composed of piles not less than 12 1/2 Coffin-makers (Thebes). inches s
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
e drains were cylindrical pipes of 12 inches diameter, hollowed out of freestone blocks 20 inches in hight. The drains were led down from the upper stories through pipes in the masonry of the stairs, and united with hundreds of other drains at the larger conduits, which conducted the water to the Cloaca Maxima. Earth-closets. The arrangement of the aqueduct and distributing pipes which conducted the water from the fountain of Nismes was as elaborate as the emunctories described. See Cresy, ed. 1865, pp. 108-118. Earth′en-ware. A general expression which covers all ceramic work, such as stone-ware, delft, porcelain, etc. See pottery. The term, as far as it may have a less general meaning, includes merely the commoner classes of clay-ware, otherwise known as crockery. The clay, having been properly tempered, is formed on the wheel and dried under cover until it has acquired considerable solidity. The glaze, of the consistence of cream, is then put on as evenly as pos
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), J. (search)
ects. Retire or advance with the instrument until from the station m the visual line from m passing to c d will touch the ends e f of the cursor. Place a picket at m. Slip the cursor on to the third division of the staff and retire till from a new station n the visual rays from thence will reach the same objects, c d touching c f as before. Drive a picket. The distance between the pickets is equal to the distance between the objects. This is but one illustration of its application. See Cresy's Encyclopedia civil Engineering, edition 1865, pp. 832-835. 3. A straight rod b shod with iron, and with a socket joint and pintle at the summit for supporting a surveyor's circumferentor. Jac-o-net′. （Fabric.) A fine, close, white cotton goods, like cambric. Jac′quard loom. A loom for weaving figured goods. A chain of, perforated cards is made to pass over a drum, and the strings by which the threads of the warp are raised pass over an edge with a wire or leaden weight of<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
17 Milan brasso. (Milan brasso = 1.725 English feet. In 1188, Alberto Pitentino converted the Mincio into a canal and restored it to its ancient course, from whence it had been diverted by the Romans in the time of Quintus Curtius Hostilius. Cresy dates the introduction of locks from the period of the building of this canal. It was a curious contrivance called a conch, with a balance-lever and hanging gate, which somehow opened to allow the boats to pass. This was used at Governolo, to dam up the waters of the Mincio on the side of Mantua. It was probably a kind of sluice. See Cresy's Ency. Civil Engineering, pp. 185 – 188. Canal-lock. The first canal-lock in England was constructed by John Trew of Glamorganshire for the Exeter Canal. The lock-chambers were 300 feet in length, 80 in breadth at top, 50 at the bottom. The gates were in pairs, at each end, 25 feet high, and each leaf 20 feet wide, furnished with iron and brass work that they might be moved with facilit
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
obelisk seems to have been by tilting it from an inclined plane into a pit, at the bottom of which the pedestal was placed to receive it. A roller of wood was fastened at each side to the end of the obelisk, which enabled it to run down the wall opposite to the inclined plane to its proper position. — Wilkinson. For a full description of the mode of moving and re-erecting an Egyptian obelisk, see the quarto L'Obelisque de Luxor, Histoire de sa translation á Paris, Paris, 1839. See also Cresy's Cyclopedia, ed. of 1865, pp. 38, 40; also pp. 1013-17. 2. A reference-mark in printing (+); also called a dagger. Ob′ject-find′er. （Optics.) A means of regis. tering the position of a microscopic object in a slide, so that it may be readily found in future. Maltwood's finder is a glass slide 3 × 1 1/4 inches with a scale occupying 1 square inch ruled into 2,500 squares. See Beck on the microscope, p. 67. Ob′ject-glass. （Optics.) The glass at that end of a tel
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
this was the platform which supported the pumps. To the axle of the great wheel a crank was attached which communicated motion to the balancebeam, and this worked the piston-rods of four pumps on each side, which sucked and forced water alternately. The pumps at the first and second cisterns were of a similar character, and were worked by rod-and-chain connection from the water-wheels in the river. The machines used by Belidor, Dueille, Desargues, Wahl, Morel, etc., are described by Cresy. Several of them are only peculiar in the modes of obtaining the reciprocating motion of the pistons from the rotation of the water-wheel. The chapelets used by the architect Perronet in pumping out the coffer-dams of his numerous bridges are described under chain-pump. The bucket-wheel used by Perronet is described under noria (which see). See also bascule; scoop-wheel; tympanum. The work of a man on a pump is estimated as equivalent to an effort of 17 1/4 pounds exerted thro
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
required. The platform could be raised and lowered and held at any desired hight. Hanging scaffold. Curious turning scaffolds have been used in domes. See Cresy. From the numerous varieties, three representative examples may be shown: — a. Suspended from spars or upright timbers. The uprights have base supports and the inner one a semicircle of 14 feet diameter, formed of hewn blocks, without cement. The whole sewer was 32 feet high, having a sectional area of 448 feet. (See Cresy's Dictionary of civil Engineering ; Smith's Dictionary of Grecian and Roman Antiquities. ) Agrippa sailed through this sewer in a boat, and Nero caused some of hisces, and no certain mention of canal-locks occurs previous to the time of the brothers Domenico. See canal-lock. The sluice-gate of Italy is thus described by Cresy:— The lower beam of each gate was framed with the head and heel posts, so as to allow a space of six inches between it and the sill. From the middle beam to
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
of the elevators, which raise the grain for distribution to the granaries, to the bruisers, which fit it for feed. It is driven by an overshot water-wheel 18 feet in diameter, 4 feet wide. English thrashing-machine and portable engine. Cresy gives the quantity of wheat thrashed and cleaned by the English machines as from 12 to 24 bushels per hour. This is not over one third of the work performed by an American machine of good quality, on reasonably good wheat. Perhaps Cresy's figCresy's figures are not up to the present mark. Ransome's English thrashing-machine (Vienna Exposition). Thread. 1. In the manufacturer's language, thread is a compound cord consisting of two or more single yarns, doubled and twisted. In the trade it is divided into Lace thread. Stocking thread. Sewing thread. Lace thread consists of two yarns, Nos. 140 to 350, twisted together. Stocking thread varies in the number of its yarns. Sewing thread consists of three or more yarns
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), U. (search)
onry of the staircases, carrying off also the rainwater, which fell in the uncovered building of nearly 6 acres. Few buildings have been so well calculated for large gatherings of persons who remain for several successive hours. All the contents of the drains were eventually conducted to the Cloaca Maxima. This was the chief sewer of Rome, and was built by Tarquinius Priscus (558 B. C.) and his successors. It was 14 feet in width, and 32 feet high, having a sectional area of 448 feet. See Cresy, edition of 1865, pages 110-16. U-ri-nom′e-ter. （Surgical.) A hydrometer adapted for indicating the density, natural or otherwise, of human Urine. Diodorus Siculus relates that the second Sesostris was cured of blindness by washing his face in the urine of a chaste female. He tried that of a great many, till he met with an effective sample. He burnt on suspicion all the persons who proved ill adapted to his need, including his own wife. He erected two obelisks at Heliopolis t