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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 27 1 Browse Search
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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
removed to Persia by Xerxes. The library of Alexander was kept in two precincts of the city, the Brucheion and the Serapeum. It contained from 400,000 to 700,000 books. Authorities (Gellius, Josephus, and Seneca) differ. Ptolemies Soter, Philadelphus, and Euergetes were its patrons. Philadelphus added the famous library of Aristotle to the collection. It was much injured by fire in the siege of Julius Caesar. Antony added to it the library of Pergamus, collected by Eumenes. It was aftePhiladelphus added the famous library of Aristotle to the collection. It was much injured by fire in the siege of Julius Caesar. Antony added to it the library of Pergamus, collected by Eumenes. It was afterward injured by Theodosius, and destroyed by the Arabs, A. D. 640. The first public library of Rome was founded by Asinius Pollio, on Mt. Aventine. This was followed by the libraries of Augustus, Octavia, and Tiberius. The Ulpian library of Trajan was attached by Diocletian to his thermae. A furnished library was discovered in Herculaneum. Round the wall it had numbered cases containing the rolls. It is recorded that Plato bought three works of Philolaus, the Pythagorean, for ten th
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
word is translated sluice (which see). It was probably an inclined chute. The canal built by Sesostris was reopened by Pharaoh Necho about 605 B. C., by Ptolemy Philadelphus about 300 B. C., by the Caesars, by the Caliphs; and was abandoned when Vasco de Gama circumnavigated the Cape of Good Hope. The canal which conducted tws. Hermippus, quoted by Athenaeus (A. D. 220). At the supper of Iphicrates, purple carpets were spread on the floor; and at the magnificent banquet of Ptolemy Philadelphus, an account of which is given by Callixenus of Rhodes, we learn that underneath 200 golden couches were strewed purple carpets of the finest wool, with the of a horse and dragging behind. The load was laid upon the rear end. Thus the North American Indians move their lodges. In the triumphal procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus were: — 24 chariots drawn by 4 elephants each. 60 chariots drawn by 2 goats each. 12 chariots drawn by antelopes. 7 chariots drawn by oryxes.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
ecting. Dissecting-knives. Dis-secting-knife. The knives of the Egyptian embalmers were of an Ethiopic stone, probably flint. Herodotus describes them. A flint knife was also used by the Hebrews, Egyptians, and Ethiopians in performing the operation of circumcision. See knife. Then Zipporah took a sharp stone and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his [Moses] feet. — Exodus IV. 25. The dissection of the human body for purposes of science was ordered by Ptolemy Philadelphus in the college of Alexandria. He even authorized the vivisection of criminals condemned to death. Herophilus of Cos was among the first of the professors in this great school of medicine. The practice of dissection was very repugnant to the prejudices of the Egyptians, where to touch a corpse was defilement, as we see it also to have been among the Hebrews, who became habituated to many of the Egyptian modes of thought. Vesalius, born at Brussels 1514, died 1564, was among the
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
on instruments. Terpander of Lesbos added three strings to the lyre; he caused New hymns to resound on a seven-stringed cithara. David is celebrated as a performer upon the harp, and it is said that he was a master of thirty-two other instruments. This was about 1063 B. C. The magadis of the Thracians was a three-cornered harp, with twenty strings arranged in octaves. It was used among them in the time of Xenophon. A band of 300 harpers was in the great procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus, preceding a column of 2,000 yellow bulls, with gilded horns and frontlets, crowns, necklaces, and breastplates of gold. Egyptians, Jews, Persians, Thracians, Greeks, Romans, Saxons, Welch, Irish, all had their harps. The number and material of the strings differed, and also the shapes of the frames. Irish harp. The Welsh harp was strung with gut. The Irish harp was strung with wire. Donagh, the son of Brian Boiroimhe, a king of Ireland who was slain 1014, sought protect
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
estify. Ahab's ivory house, 900 B. C., and the palace of Menelaus, described by Homer, were probably paneled with ivory, or the walls and pillars inlaid therewith. Ezekiel records that ivory was used to ornament the Phoenician galleys. Beds inlaid or veneered with ivory were used by those who, as Amos says, are at case in Zion, that lie upon beds of ivory and stretch themselves upon their couches. Two hunting inscriptions, one of which principally records the elephant hunts of Ptolemy Philadelphus, were discovered and copied by Lepsius from the colossi of Aboo Simbel. Since ancient times elephants have withdrawn more to the south in Eastern Africa also. According to the testimony of Polybius, when African and Indian elephants encountered each other on fields of battle, the sight, the smell, and the cries of the larger and stronger Indian elephants drove the African ones to flight. The latter were never employed as war elephants in such large numbers as were used in Asiatic e
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
lling upon our gross atmosphere is bent out of its rectilinear course, which causes these luminaries to appear to rise sooner than they do in reality. Euclid's treatise on optics was about 280 B. C. He is the one who told his royal master Ptolemy Philadelphus, There is no royal road to learning, sir. Ptolemy was the first to measure refractions, and is therefore the founder of an important part of optical science. — Humboldt. The magnifying power of hollow glass spheres filled with weaddress of the god whom it shrouds. The most celebrated lighthouse of antiquity is that erected on the island of Pharos, harbor of Alexandria. It was built by the orders of Ptolemy Soter, by the architect Sostratus, and finished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, 280 B. C. The wonderful energy of Alexander's mind seems to have comprehended all at a glance. He visited the little town of Rhacotis, saw his superb city as by a dream of enchantment, his Macedonian mantle covering the ground between th
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
the service of the sanctuary, divided into different classes appropriate for each class of the services. With regard to the form and use of many instruments employed by the ancients, no authentic account remains. In many instances conjecture has been substituted for fact. They were generally used at festivals and religious ceremonies, are frequently mentioned by Ovid and other poets, and some are shown on ancient marbles. Athenaeus states that in the triumphal procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus there were 600 musicians in the chorus, 400 of whom played on the cithara or lyre. Then, as now, musical instruments were ranged in three great classes, — wind, string, and percussion. In Numbers, chap. XIX, the Hebrews are directed to sound trumpets on going into battle, and the walls of Jericho fell at the sound of the trumpet. This has been the warlike instrument of all nations from the earliest ages, except the Spartans, who employed pipes and soft instruments to temper rath
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
el and the stated proportion of lime laid on while hot from slaking. 4. The summa crusta, pavement of not less than six inches thick. These roads bore uninjured the weight of columns, obelisks, and other immense blocks, weighing hundreds of tons. The royal roads of Persia ran by the side of the common roads, and were reserved for the uses of the king alone. They were kept in better condition than the common roads, and gave rise to that remark of Euclid, the mathematician, to Ptolemy Philadelphus, at a dinner in the Museum of Alexandria, There is no royal road to geometry. The Moguls constructed good roads in India, with a distancestone at the end of every koss. Agra, Lahore, and Cashmere were thus connected. With the death of Aurungzebe these improvements ceased, and the works commenced to decay. At a comparatively late date the work of improvement of the Indian roads has been pursued with vigor. The Grand Trunk Road connects Calcutta with Peshawur on the borders of A
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
m the Red Sea to the canal. The French Survey, during their occupation of Egypt, determined that the Red Sea at Suez at high water is 32 feet 6 inches higher than the Mediterranean at Tyneh at low water. The ancient canal was made by Sesostris, according to Aristotle, Strabo, and Pliny. It commenced about 12 miles northeast of the modern town of Belbays, the Bubastis Agria of the Romans, and was about 96 miles long. It appears to have been reopened by Necho, about 605 B. C., and Ptolemy Philadelphus, about 300 B. C. 60,000 men are said to have perished in the latter undertaking It was neglected by the Caesars, reopened by the Caliphs, and abandoned when the route by the Cape of Good Hope was discovered. According to historians, the undertaking was several times abandoned by the fear of flooding Egypt with salt water, the Red Sea having a higher level than the Nile. The sluice or gate at the Red Sea end seems to have prevented the steady flow of the salt water to the sacred ri
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
rses and dogs and Pharaoh's rats Their drink is mare's milk. Strabo calls the inhabitants of the Don, Maeotis, and Dnieper, Hamaxoeci, or dwellers in wagons. And Hesiod:— To the land of the Galactophagi, who have their dwellings in wagons. The cut (Fig. 1149) represents modern Tartar vehicles, which probably differ but little from those used on the same steppes twenty-five centuries ago. See cart. Scythian wagon. The four-wheeled wagons in the triumphal procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus were of large size; that bearing the image of Bacchus was 14 cubits long and 8 wide, drawn by 180 men. Then followed a wine-press mounted on a four-wheeled wagon 20 cubits long and 16 in width, and drawn by 300 men. The press was full of grapes, and tramped by 60 satyrs, with Silenus as president. Then followed a wagon 25 cubits long and 14 wide, supporting a sack containing 3,000 measures of wine, and consisting of leopards' skins sewed together. This was drawn by 600 men. This won