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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
hara to form the Egyptian, Phoenician, and Assyrian bronzes. Dr. Wilson (Prehistoric Man) supposes that tin was first brought to the Mediterranean from Malacca, and gave a new impetus to early Eastern civilization. Britain was the next source. Chili and Mexico are more lately known as productive sources of the same useful metal. The ordinary Assyrian bronze is composed of copper 10, tin 1. Their bell-metal was, copper 86, tin 14. The ancient bronze cutting-tools contained from 4 to 15e were ignorant of their real value, than the Indians with our glass beads. Ancient American Bronzes.Copper.Tin.Iron. Chisel from silver-mines, Cuzco946 Chisel from Cuzco92.3857.615 Knife from grave, Atacama97.872.13 Knife964 Crowbar from Chili92.3857.615 Knife from Amaro95.6643.9350.371 Perforated axe964 Personal ornament, Truigilla95.4404.560 Bodkin from grave96.703.30 The bronzes of Europe took a much wider range of variation. Copper.Tin.LeadIron. Spear-head, Lincolnshir
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
h a pan of water, which still farther condenses escaping fumes. Mer′cu-ry-fur′nace. A furnace in which cinnabar is treated for the production of mercury. The localities yielding the sulphide of mercury are not numerous. The Almaden mines of Spain were known to the Greeks 700 B. C., and were celebrated in the time of Pliny. The mines of Idria, the Palatinate, and of New Almaden in California, are extensive and rich. The ore is also found in Peru, China, Hungary, Sweden, Japan, and Chili. In the furnace the ore is subjected to distillation in retorts which lead to condensing-chambers, or the blocks of ore are roasted in a furnace, the whole volatile results of the furnace passing with the metalliferous fumes to a series of condensing-chambers. See condenser. See previous article. The latter is the plan adopted at Idria in Austria, the former in Bavaria and California. Dr. Ure's retort-furnace, erected at Landsberg in Bavaria, resembles the apparatus for the distillati
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
. Chenot's method is to incorporate with a peculiar iron carbonaceous matters, such as fat, resins, tar, etc. Mushet fuses malleable iron with carbonaceous matters in crucibles. Vickers combines iron scrap, ground charcoal, and black oxide of manganese. Heaton's process consists in the use of nitrate of soda, producing what he terms crude steel, which may be afterward converted into pure iron or steel. He uses a cylindrical convertor, in the bottom of which is placed a charge of Chili saltpeter (an impure nitrate of soda), mixed with quartz sand, and often with lime, binoxide of manganese, fluor spar, or other material, covered with a perforated iron plate, for the purpose of dividing the generated gas into a number of small streams and preventing its too rapid formation at the beginning of the process. The molten iron is run into the convertor from the blast furnace or a cupola, and the operation commences, slowly at first, but afterward, owing, as is supposed, to the b
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
e tin was probably obtained from the intercourse of the Midianites with Phoenicians. The sources of supply from the Indian Archipelago were not then opened to the Mediterranean countries. Tinning was practiced by the Romans. Pliny says:— Stannum illitum aeneis vasis. Dripping-pans have been found at Herculaneum plated with silver. The tin of commerce is derived from the native oxide, which is found in Cornwall, Malacca, the island of Banca, Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, Australia, Chili, and Mexico. Five kinds of metallic tin are found in the market, known as Banca, Straits, English, Spanish, and Australian. The first, derived from the island where it is produced, is the purest and best. Straits tin comes from Singapore, Borneo, and other places adjacent to the Malayan peninsula, and ranks second. The English tin ranks third; the better qualities, however, which are retained for home consumption, equalling the Banca. Spanish tin comes from Mexico and South America; i