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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
hese strips are then covered with cotton or silk, and woven in an endless web. See caoutchouc. E-las′tic-fab′ric loom. One having mechanical devices for stretching the rubber threads or shirrs, and holding them at a positive tension while the fabric is woven. E-las′tic goods. Those having elastic cords, called shirrs, inserted in a fabric or between two thicknesses. E-las′tic mold. Elastic molds of glue for taking casts of undercut objects were invented by Douglas Fox, Derby, England. The body to be molded is oiled and secured about an inch above the surface of a board, and is then surrounded by a wall of clay rather higher than itself, and about an inch distant from its periphery. Into this, warm melted glue, just fluid enough to run, is poured, completely enveloping the object. When cold, the clay wall is removed, and the mold delivered by cutting it into as many pieces as are required, either with a sharp knife or by threads previously placed in proper situa
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
ough the smoke at first tends to rise that way, the heat soon determines a downward current which deflects it through the flue x into the chimney f. The Cockle stove C (Ger. Kachel, a tile; Kachelofen, a tile-stove), as made by Strutt, of Derby, England, has a cylindrical iron fire-chamber a with flat or dome-shaped head, around which is built, leaving a certain interval, a structure b b of brick. The fuel is fed at c, sliding down the inclined plate s to the grate g. d is the ash-pit andfect produced by a body is as its weight multiplied into the velocity, its absolute force constituting the momentum. Hydraulic rams. This principle was first practically applied in the construction of the water-ram by Mr. Whitehurst of Derby, England, in 1772. Whitehurst's ram is shown in A, Fig. 2618. It was not automatic, but depended upon the opening and shutting of a cock from which water for domestic purposes was drawn. The operation is as follows: on opening the cock a, water fr
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
ng and filing, and is at the bottom of all successful fitting of machinery. It is next in importance to the lathe, and has, since its invention, about 1814, been much modified and improved. Its use has effected a complete change in the manufacture of tools and machinery of every class, and has made possible the construction of many works which could hardly otherwise have been attempted. In its invention we find credits to Clements of London, who was a workman in Bramah's shop; to Fox of Derby, and to Roberts and Rennie of Manchester. Bramah, it appears, employed, in 1811, the revolving cutter to plane iron, thus adapting to metal the form found best adapted to wood-working, and which survives in our milling-machines, now so much and deservedly esteemed. Clement, previous to 1820, made a planing-machine for planing the sides of looms and the triangular bars of lathes. The bed moved on rollers, and the tools cut both ways. Much of the moved on rollers, and the tools cut both wa
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
of two or three miles, and intended to keep them clear of ice and snow. The first steel rail was made in 1857, by Mushet, at the Ebbw-Vale Iron Co.'s Works in South Wales. It was rolled from cast blooms of Bessemer steel and laid down at Derby, England, and remained sixteen years, during which time 250 trains and at least 250 detached engines and tenders passed over it daily. Taking 312 working days in each year, we have the total of 1,252,000 trains and 1,252,000 detached engines and tendeople, criminals, and the Roman soldiery being employed thereon. The four principal ones were, — 1. Watling Street; from Kent, by way of London, to Cardigan Bay, in Wales. 2. Ikenild Street; from St. David's, Wales, by way of Birmingham, Derby, and York, to Tynemouth, England. 3. Fosse Way; from Cornwall to Lincoln. 4. Ermin Street; from St. David's to Southampton. In many places the remains are yet visible; in many others the old pavement is below the surface, having been bur
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
acture of silk, crystal glass, jewelry, and other fine goods, in which that nation of émeutes and artists so highly excelled. In 1717, John Lombe obtained by stealth from Sardinia a model of the silk throwing-mill, and set up silk-works in Derby, England. The works afterward devolved upon his brother William, and then reverted to a cousin, who became Sir Thomas Lombe, whose name is also creditably associated with the pursuit of the enterprise. Silk from spiders was spun, in 1710, by Bonn,n, and committed the results of his observations to paper at night. Having been discovered, he with great difficulty made his escape. In 1718 he obtained patents for the improvements thus introduced, and in 1719 erected a mill on the Derwent at Derby, 5 stories high and 1/8 of a mile in length, which was considered one of the wonders of the age. Silk Twist′ing and Reel′ing. In the apparatus (Fig. 5090), the silk previously wound upon spools is twisted by the flyers h h, then macerated