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e forts along the seaboard, including Fort Warren in Boston Harbor, Forts Lafayette and Columbus at New York, Fort McHenry in Chesapeake Bay, Fort Delaware in the Delaware River, and the Old Capitol at Washington, were converted into prisons. In Richmond, tobacco-factories which could be transformed with comparatively little work into places for the detention of prisoners, were leased. Among these were Liggon's, Crew's, Castle Thunder, Pemberton, and others. Later Libby, which had been an olom used for prisoners of war, but was devoted to the detention of citizens suspected of disloyalty to the Union. The pressure upon the accommodations at Richmond led to the transfer of the private soldiers to an enclosure on Belle Isle in the James River. For the purpose of better administration, the government at Washington, in October, 1861, appointed LieutenantCol-onel William Hoffman, one of the officers who had been surrendered in Texas, commissary-general of prisoners. Colonel Hoffma
s loaded with provisions which have been brought from the mills of the upper James River for the prisoners and garrison. The view is taken from the south side of thm. tents were pitched, as at City Point, Maryland, and on Belle Isle in the James River; sixth, open stockades in which men were placed to secure shelter as best thry. It was the warehouse of Libby and Sons, ship-chandlers, situated on the James River at the corner of Twentieth and Cary streets. It was a large four-story builder, includes but two prisons, City Point in Maryland, and Belle Isle, in the James River, near Richmond. The former was established August 1, 1863, on a low peninsu negro troops formed a part of the guard. Belle Isle was an island in the James River, near Richmond, used after 1862 for the confinement of non-commissioned offi. The privates were confined elsewhere in the city, or in Belle Isle in the James River. After the war a quartermaster, Major Morfit, in whose charge money had bee
quent disputes, is to be found in Appendix A. All prisoners in the East were to be delivered at Aiken's Landing on the James River (soon changed to City Point), and in the West at Vicksburg, with the provision that the fortunes of war might render i the Federal General John A. Dix and General D. H. Hill of the Confederate army, July 22, 1862, Aiken's Landing on the James River was made a point for exchange of prisoners in the East. These were brought from Richmond or from Fortress Monroe by boles which Colonel Ould claimed to have, and if accepted would have Colored convalescent troops at Aiken's landing, James river These convalescent colored troops are resting at Aiken's Landing after a march. On the right is A. M. Aiken's hous stands the dwelling of A. M. Aiken, who gave the locality his name. For a short time in 1862 Aiken's Landing, on the James River just below Dutch Gap, was used as a point of exchange for soldiers captured in the East. Many prisoners from the East
ort Warren, in Johnny Reb and Billy Yank: Those were halcyon days, those days of July, 1862; light spots in a generally dark life. Our soldier prisoners, so inured to hardship, want, and suffering, had now not a care on their minds, not a trouble in their hearts; they drew long breaths of content, and could only sigh sometimes at the thought of the dark future, which was doomed to hold so marked a contrast to that perfect rest and satisfaction. As they arrived at Aiken's Landing, on the James River, they met a number of prisoners released from Fort Delaware, where conditions seem to have been quite different from those at Fort Warren. To quote Hunter again: Those prisoners that trooped slowly over the gangplank, looking like the vanguard of the Resurrection, were from Fort Delaware. Scores seemed to be ill; many were suffering from the scurvy, while all bore marks of severe treatment in their thin faces and wasted forms. During the operation of the cartel, complaints of the con
eaching almost to the Capitol itself (in the rear of the picture), and consuming medical and other official records. in the conflagration in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on the night of April 2, 1865, on its occupation by the Federal army, two houses with their contents were completely destroyed; one occupied by Surgeon-Gensures were supplemented by a careful economy, and a resort to indigenous resources to be found in our hills and dales, fields and forests, mountains and Richmond City hospitals. Richmond, like Washington and Alexandria, became a collection of hospitals during the war. The accommodations of the City Hospital were soon exceg on his own ground was a stimulus to defend the devoted and self-sacrificing women of the South. The Richmond city hospital The Chimborazo hospital, Richmond, Virginia valleys. There were probably at least three laboratories for the preparation of indigenous drugs established: one in Lincolnton, North Carolina; one at M
of records, upon which the accuracy of the whole pension system of the Government rests, had to be maintained. Here the mortality statistics of the first division, Ninth Corps, Army of the Potomac, were collected and preserved. The field desks had handles on the end, as seen, and were easily portable. The first-hand records of the pension system quarters of chief of ambulance, first division, ninth corps, in front of Petersburg, 1864 Part of the General hospital at City Point—the James river in the distance Doctor John R. Gildersleeve, when president of the Association of Medical Officers of the Army and Navy of the Confederacy, in 1904, delivered an interesting address upon Chimborazo Hospital, Richmond. When the necessity for larger hospital accommodations became evident, SurgeonGen-eral Moore, after consultation with Doctor James B. McCaw, of Richmond, chose Chimborazo Hill, on the outskirts of Richmond, as a site for the new hospital, and Doctor McCaw was placed in
and consuming medical and other official records. in the conflagration in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on the night of April 2, 1865, on its occupation by the Federal army, two houses with theenous resources to be found in our hills and dales, fields and forests, mountains and Richmond City hospitals. Richmond, like Washington and Alexandria, became a collection of hospitals dursacrificing women of the South. The Richmond city hospital The Chimborazo hospital, Richmond, Virginia valleys. There were probably at least three laboratories for the preparation of indigenn, ninth corps, in front of Petersburg, 1864 Part of the General hospital at City Point—the James river in the distance Doctor John R. Gildersleeve, when president of the Association of Medicaalmost the universal custom of private families taking convalescent soldiers to their homes. In Richmond, the so-called ambulance committee was very efficient in proportion to its scanty means, but
Appendix a: the cartel of July 22, 1862 Haxall's Landing, on James River, Va., July 22, 1862. The undersigned, having been commissioned by the authorities they respectively represent to make arrangements for a general exchange of prisoners of war, have agreed to the following articles: Article 1. It is hereby agreed and stipulated that all prisoners of war held by either party, including those taken on private armed vessels known as privateers, shall be discharged upon the conditions and terms following: Prisoners to be exchanged man for man and officer for officer; privateers to be placed upon the footing of officers and men of the navy. Men and officers of lower grades may be exchanged for officers of a higher grade, and men and officers of different services may be exchanged according to the following scale of equivalents: A general commanding-in-chief or an admiral shall be exchanged for officers of equal rank, or for sixty privates or common seamen. A
The Photographic History of The Civil War: in ten volumes, Thousands of Scenes Photographed 1861-65, with Text by many Special Authorities, Volume 7: Prisons and Hospitals. (ed. Francis Trevelyan Miller), Appendix D: organization and personnel of the medical Department of the Confederacy (search)
ical examiners and were commissioned as surgeons or assistant surgeons, or dropped from the army rolls. The following statement is quoted from an address by S. P. Moore, M. D., surgeon-general of the Confederate States army, delivered at Richmond, Virginia, October 19, 1875: Congressional legislation. To make the corps still more effective, to hold out rewards to distinguished medical officers, to offer incentives (if needed) to faithful and efficient performance of duties, and tore the men who served at the bedside and in responsible positions in the medical corps of the armies and navy of the Confederacy. The Southern practitioner, vol. XXIV, p. 437. Finally, Samuel P. Moore, M. D., in an address delivered at Richmond, Virginia, October 19, 1865, published in the city papers of the following day, said, The Confederate medical officers were inferior to none in any army; and in another paragraph: Although there were many capital medical men in the medical corps, yet