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1754 AD (search for this): entry 6301
established by denominations. Harvard came first, in 1636, established by the Congregationalists. In 1693 the college of William and Mary was founded by the Church of England in the colony of Virginia. Yale followed in 1701, under the Congregationalists. Then in 1746 the Presbyterians established Princeton College, and this was followed in quick succession by Washington and Lee University in 1749, under the Church of England; the university of Pennsylvania in 1751; Columbia University in 1754, under the Church of England; Brown University in 1764, in charge of the Baptists; Rutgers College in 1766, under the Dutch Reformed Church; Dartmouth College in 1770, by the Congregationalists; and Hampden-Sydney College in 1776, under the Presbyterians. It was not until long after this that the State universities were established. In the earlier times, when Church and State were one in the colonies, the State may have had to do with the maintenance of the college; but State foundations, i
1751 AD (search for this): entry 6301
ions of higher learning were established by denominations. Harvard came first, in 1636, established by the Congregationalists. In 1693 the college of William and Mary was founded by the Church of England in the colony of Virginia. Yale followed in 1701, under the Congregationalists. Then in 1746 the Presbyterians established Princeton College, and this was followed in quick succession by Washington and Lee University in 1749, under the Church of England; the university of Pennsylvania in 1751; Columbia University in 1754, under the Church of England; Brown University in 1764, in charge of the Baptists; Rutgers College in 1766, under the Dutch Reformed Church; Dartmouth College in 1770, by the Congregationalists; and Hampden-Sydney College in 1776, under the Presbyterians. It was not until long after this that the State universities were established. In the earlier times, when Church and State were one in the colonies, the State may have had to do with the maintenance of the coll
1840 AD (search for this): entry 6301
ncient geography and history. 4. The numbers in attendance were very small. A single case may be cited: In 1834 Harvard had 336 students in all departments; in 1840, 448 students; in 1850, 584 students; and in 1866-67, 959 students. No institution of learning up to the time of the close of the war had as large a number as 1onies, the State may have had to do with the maintenance of the college; but State foundations, in the realm of higher education, have come for the most part since 1840. Of the more prominent State universities, the following are the dates of establishment: Pennsylvania Not strictly a State university.1740Iowa1847 Georgia1of which they have maintained. The debt of education to the several Christian denominations is something incalculable. It may almost be said that down to 1830 or 1840 there was no higher education except that which was provided for by the denominations. 2. In this period, likewise, the officers and the students of the college
1870 AD (search for this): entry 6301
behind no lofty battlement, for it has no enemy which it would ward off. Strangely enough, it vanquishes its enemies by inviting them into close association with itself. The university is a democratic institution, constituted by the people and for the people. University education in the past. University education, in the sense defined above, has come into existence very largely since the War of the Rebellion. A university could hardly be said to have existed in this country before 1870. Let us consider briefly the situation as it presented itself: 1. In even the largest institutions, the library was scarcely of sufficient size or value to deserve the name. It was open for consultation during perhaps one hour a day of two days in the week. The better class of students, it was understood, had no time for reading. In fact, reading was a degradation. William Frederick Poole, the late librarian of the Newberry Library, a few months before his death made this statement: T
1749 AD (search for this): entry 6301
following points deserve consideration: 1. Nearly all the institutions of higher learning were established by denominations. Harvard came first, in 1636, established by the Congregationalists. In 1693 the college of William and Mary was founded by the Church of England in the colony of Virginia. Yale followed in 1701, under the Congregationalists. Then in 1746 the Presbyterians established Princeton College, and this was followed in quick succession by Washington and Lee University in 1749, under the Church of England; the university of Pennsylvania in 1751; Columbia University in 1754, under the Church of England; Brown University in 1764, in charge of the Baptists; Rutgers College in 1766, under the Dutch Reformed Church; Dartmouth College in 1770, by the Congregationalists; and Hampden-Sydney College in 1776, under the Presbyterians. It was not until long after this that the State universities were established. In the earlier times, when Church and State were one in the co
1780 AD (search for this): entry 6301
ere graduated an average of eight students a year. During Yale's first 128 years, an average of between thirty-four and thirty-five students graduated each year. There was no such thing as a large college; the university was something not yet dreamed of. 5. The constituency of the college in those days was to a large extent students who were preparing themselves for the ministry. The college was practically a theological seminary. In Harvard, Hebrew was required of all students down to 1780. Those subjects which have found their way into the curriculum in more recent years, because demanded by men having in mind the profession of medicine or the profession of the law, or a business career, were entirely lacking. The percentage of graduates entering the ministry was as follows: At Yale, one student in every four graduated from 1702 to 1830 became a minister. At Harvard, during the first fifty years, one out of every two entered the ministry. In a word, therefore, higher edu
1867 AD (search for this): entry 6301
at Harvard, 1850: In Latin: Caesar, Virgil, Cicero's select orations, with Latin grammar and prose. In Greek: Felton's Greek reader, writing of Greek with the accents, Greek grammar. In mathematics: arithmetic, algebra, first lessons; introduction to geometry. Worcester's ancient geography and history. 4. The numbers in attendance were very small. A single case may be cited: In 1834 Harvard had 336 students in all departments; in 1840, 448 students; in 1850, 584 students; and in 1866-67, 959 students. No institution of learning up to the time of the close of the war had as large a number as 1,000 students. During Harvard's first sixty-five years of history there were graduated an average of eight students a year. During Yale's first 128 years, an average of between thirty-four and thirty-five students graduated each year. There was no such thing as a large college; the university was something not yet dreamed of. 5. The constituency of the college in those days was t
1830 AD (search for this): entry 6301
y men having in mind the profession of medicine or the profession of the law, or a business career, were entirely lacking. The percentage of graduates entering the ministry was as follows: At Yale, one student in every four graduated from 1702 to 1830 became a minister. At Harvard, during the first fifty years, one out of every two entered the ministry. In a word, therefore, higher education in the past was intended largely for a single class of men. The numbers were consequently very smallistians have sought to strengthen their work by establishing colleges, the absolute control of which they have maintained. The debt of education to the several Christian denominations is something incalculable. It may almost be said that down to 1830 or 1840 there was no higher education except that which was provided for by the denominations. 2. In this period, likewise, the officers and the students of the college were very largely members of the particular denomination which controlled t
1693 AD (search for this): entry 6301
h the men lived; and besides, those methods of work which to-day constitute the very essence of higher education, employed in connection with the library and the laboratory, our fathers utterly lacked. In reference to the control of higher education in this early stage of its development, the following points deserve consideration: 1. Nearly all the institutions of higher learning were established by denominations. Harvard came first, in 1636, established by the Congregationalists. In 1693 the college of William and Mary was founded by the Church of England in the colony of Virginia. Yale followed in 1701, under the Congregationalists. Then in 1746 the Presbyterians established Princeton College, and this was followed in quick succession by Washington and Lee University in 1749, under the Church of England; the university of Pennsylvania in 1751; Columbia University in 1754, under the Church of England; Brown University in 1764, in charge of the Baptists; Rutgers College in
January (search for this): entry 6301
ys dealt wholly with the past. It was largely Latin, Greek, mathematics, and philosophy. Questions of living interest could gain no recognition. The study of English literature, and indeed of modern literature of any kind, was rigidly excluded until within two or three decades. The attention of the students was directed to the past. The method employed was in large measure the a priori method. As Professor Remsen has described it: Address at the opening of Kent Chemical Laboratory, January. 1893 When the philosopher in those days wished to solve a problem, his method was to sit down and think about it. He relied upon the working of his brain to frame a theory, and beautiful theories were undoubtedly formed. Many of these —probably all of those which had reference to natural phenomena—were far in advance of facts known, and even directly opposed to facts discovered later. Minds were not hampered by facts, and theories grew apace. The age was one of mental operations. A
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