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Grove River (Georgia, United States) (search for this): chapter 4
per's double-file (b) is used for sharpening pencils, etc. Doub′le-flu′id Bat′ter-y. A galvanic battery in which two fluids are used as exciting liquids. They are kept apart by a porous cup, as in the Daniell's battery, or by gravity, as in Callaud's (see infra). Daniell was the inventor of this form of battery, and received therefore the Copley medal of the Royal Society in 1837. He used sulphuric acid in a porous cup placed in a glass cup containing sulphate of copper. Bunsen's, Grove's, and Callaud's are also doublefluid batteries. The name is used in contradistinction to the single-fluid batteries, such as the original Volta, the Cruikshank, Babbington, and Wollaston. The gravity-battery is a double-fluid battery in which the porous cup is dispensed with, the difference in the specific gravity of the fluids used keeping them separate. Often called the Callaud battery, after the name of the inventor. Doub′le-floor. （Carpentry.) One in which both binding a
Antrim (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 4
. Drummond's apparatus was so constructed that the lamp fed itself automatically with spirit and with oxygen, supplying itself with balls of lime as they were gradually consumed, and was provided with a parabolic silvered copper mirror. With this apparatus the light produced by a ball of lime not larger than a boy's marble, at Londonderry, was visible at Belfast, a distance of nearly seventy miles, in a direct line. Subsequently, Colonel Colby made a lime-light signal visible from Antrim, in Ireland, to Ben Lomnd, in Scotland, a distance of ninetyfive miles in a straight line. It is stated that, intensified by a parabolic reflector, it has been observed at a distance of 112 miles. It is understood that the first application in practice was when it was required to see Leith Hill, in Surry, from Berkhampstead Tower, in Hertfordshire. The practical application was described in two papers published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1826 and 1831. The apparatus consists
Michigan (Michigan, United States) (search for this): chapter 4
t rolls during its revolution, and it opens and closes the steam-ports successively as it passes. Doub′le plane-i′ron. （Wood-working.) A smoothing-plane iron having a counter-iron to bend up the shaving in working cross-grained stuff. Michigan double-plow. Doub′le-plow. 1. The double-plow, in which a shallow share preceded the deeper-running, longer plow, originated in England, where it is known as the skim-colter plow. This has a share attached to the colter to turn down the ted States another form of this plow has been used in which the precedent portion is not merely a flange on the colter, but is a regular moldboard plow of small proportions, higher than and in front of the main plow. This is known in Ohio as the Michigan double-plow, and is an efficient implement requiring four horses. 2. The double-plow, having two plows to one stock, or two stocks framed together so as to have but one pair of handles and be operated by one man, is mentioned by Walter Blyth
Bruges (Belgium) (search for this): chapter 4
and marking graduations on instruments. Glass-cutting.Lenses.Jewelry. Di′a-mond-cut′ter's Com′pass. （Diamond-cutting.) An instrument used to measure the inclination of the sides of jewels. It is a movable arm a, inserted at an angle of 45° into a metallic base b. It is shown in the lower illustration of Fig. 1630 as measuring the inclination of the collct-side to the girdle and the bizet to the table. See brilliant. Di′a-mond-cutting. Until 1476, when Louis de Berghem, of Bruges, first discovered this art, the diamond was worn uncut; the four great stones in the mantle of Charlemagne furnishing an example. The diamond is cut in three forms, the brilliant (which see), the rose, and the table, and their respective values are in the order named. The form a diamond shall assume is determined by its shape in the rough, the duty of the lapidary being to cut it so as to sacrifice as little as possible of the stone and obtain the greatest surface, refraction, and
Potsdam, N. Y. (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 4
hown has a lid, handle, and an inclined plane with offset at the front edge. Dust-shot. The smallest size of shot. Dutch-case. （Mining.) A shaft-frame composed of four pieces of plank, used in shafts and galleries. A mining-case. Dutch Clink′er. A yellow, hard brick made in Holland. Dutch foil. A copper alloy, rolled or hammered. See Dutch gold, called also Dutch leaf ; Dutch metal ; Dutch mineral. Dutch gold. The alloy used at the works of Hegermuhl, near Potsdam, is composed of: — Copper, 11; zinc, 2. This is rolled into sheets, and is made into the Dutch leaf used in bronzing. Dutch′ing. The process of removing the membraneous skin from the barrels of quills, and drying up the vascular membrane in the interior. They are heated by plunging in hot sand, and then scraped to remove the skin. The heat shrivels the interior membrane and dissipates the oily matter of the quill, rendering it transparent. Dutch′man. （Carpentry.
Pemaquid (Maine, United States) (search for this): chapter 4
merica, when Bedall of Boston used submerged weighted tubs, in which he descended to the Mary rose, which had sunk the previous year. The lifting-arrangements were completed by means of the diving-bell, and the loaded vessel transported to shoal water and recovered. In the year 1687, the sum of pound 300,000 was recovered by a diving-bell, at a depth of 7 fathoms, from a Spanish ship which had been wrecked near the Bermudas. The bell was the invention of William Phipps, an American of Pemaquid, in that part of the Colony now known as the State of Maine. Phipps was brought up as a ship-carpenter in Boston, and made many unsuccessful attempts to interest parties in the work. When he succeeded, James II. was urged to confiscate the pound 16,000 which came to the share of William Phipps; for once in his life the king refused to do a mean thing. Phipps was afterwards made high-sheriff of the Colony, was knighted, and subsequently was governor. The English patent of John William
England (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 4
countries. The above is the Ottawa rule. In England, lumber not exceeding 3 inches in thickness ar bran. Mills for decorticating are known in England as barley-mills, that grain being principallyn the ground to receive seed. In the East of England wheat-crops are put in by this means. It is and light in 1752, and in the Portland light, England, in 1789. The system fell into disfavor, owiperior to the catoptric, and was readopted in England in 1834, being placed in the Lundy Island Ligived the Copley medal of the Royal Society of England for his improved method of graduation. Ram The double-beat valve is extensively used in England for deep wells and for high lifts, such as thhe deeper-running, longer plow, originated in England, where it is known as the skim-colter plow. T Holland are called dunes; hence Dunchurch in England, Dankirk in the Low Countries. Hence also ther form of dredger, used at Chatham Dockyard, England, is of the rotary-pump class, having a revolv[18 more...]
Chicago (Illinois, United States) (search for this): chapter 4
a safety-valve on top to allow steam to escape when it begins to acquire a dangerous tension. It was in contriving this boiler that Dr. Papin invented the safety-valve. The lard and other grease tanks used for workingup poor carcasses and the offal of slaughter-houses belong to this class of apparatus. Thousands of carcasses of cattle and sheep too poor for the market are thus worked up yearly in the United States, and the lard-tank is a regular feature in the hog-slaughtering centers, Chicago, Cincinnati, etc., where the entrails and other offal yielding grease are thus treated on a large scale. The tanks have also been introduced into Buenos Ayres and probably into Texas, where beeves are slaughtered for their hides and tallow. The carcasses, after removing a few choice parts, are dumped into the tanks, when steam is applied, resolving them into fat, water holding soluble matters in solution, and mud, the latter containing the earthy and some other particles. Of this cla
Cambridge (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 4
of the peat or by turfs which will preserve their position for a considerable time if laid properly. g. A bed stone and side stones to form a triangular duct covered in by stones, a layer of turf, and the filling of soil. h. A duct formed of two semicylindrical files, respectively above and below a flat tile; the whole covered in by stones and the earth as before. i. A perforated drain-pipe of circular or oval section covered in by stones and earth. In the fen lands of Cambridgeshire, England, and other lands of the same description in adjoining counties, the main drains have generally been made 7 1/2 feet deep, or more in larger districts, so that the water may never rise higher than within 18 inches or 2 feet of the surface of the ground. The ladles or float-boards of the scoop-wheel dip 5 feet below the surface of the water, leaving a foot in depth below the dip of the wheel, that the water may run freely to it. The main drain brings down the water to the engine with
Avon, N. Y. (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 4
ing.) A machine for boring the dowel-holes in the meeting edges of the pieces which form the heads of tight casks. Dowel-joint. A junction formed by means of a dowel pin or pins, such as the heading pieces of a tight barrel-head. Dowel-pin. A pin or peg uniting two portions, as the pieces of heading for a cask. A dowel. Dow′las. （Fabric.) Probably named from Doullens, a town of Picardy in France. A coarse linen cloth for household uses. Filthy dowlas, says the Bard of Avon. Down-cast. （Mining.) The ventilating-shaft of a mine, down which air passes to the workings; as opposed to the up-cast. Down-haul. （Nautical.) A rope for hauling down a staysail, jib, or other fore-and-aft sail. With staysails it passes along the stay through the cringles of the sail, and is attached to the upper corner. Down-share. A turf-paring plow, used in England, where the rolling treeless tracts are called downs. These tracts in Sussex are the homes of the Sout
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