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when the circuit is completed. These experiments are said to prove that comparatively large charges cannot be exploded without compromising other charges within their effec- tive area. The question remains to be decided whether it will be more practically advantageous to employ comparatively small torpedoes placed closely together, or those of larger size placed at greater intervals apart. The Ericsson pneumatic torpedo. Another English writer remarks that during the civil war in America, the Federal fleet was in no instance successful in passing a well-arranged system of fortifications where torpedoes were used, unless the forts were first reduced from the land: and in no instance did the navy fail to accomplish its object where torpedoes were not used. As an instance of the fallibility of torpedoes, it was found after the capture of Charleston that the Ironsides, the most powerful vessel in the Federal fleet, had lain for three months over a torpedo containing 3,000 po
luaEastern U. S.Inferior to the black. HawthornCrataegus oxyacanthaEurope, etcHard and white; takes a good polish. Turnery. HazelCorylus avellanaEuropeWhite; takes a good polish. Turnery, hoops, etc. Hemlock (spruce)Abies canadensisNorthern AmericaVarious. Hickory (Eastern shell-bark)Carya albaEast of AlleghaniesHard. Implements and vehicles. Hickory (Western shell-bark, etc.)Carya sulcata, etcMississippi ValleyHard. Implements and wagons. HollyIlex aquifoliumEuropeHard. Turnery, cabited StatesVarious. Turpentine. Pine (red)Pinus resinosaEastern U. S.Building, etc. Pine (spruce)Pinus glabraS. Car. & southward. Pine (white)Pinus strobusEastern U. S.Principal timber-tree of North America. Pine (yellow)Pinus mitisNorthern AmericaMedium, yellow. Building and various. Plane (occidental)Platanus occidentalisNorth AmericaMedium; called buttonwood and sycamore. Bedsteads, musical instruments, etc. Plane (Oriental)Platanus orientalisAsiaMedium. Joinery, cabinet-work, turn