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Windsor Castle (Pennsylvania, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
liters of milk, and 20 liters of water are placed in a churn; to this, 100 grammes of the soluble matter obtained from cows' udders and milk-glands is added, together with a little annotto. The mixture is then churned, when the butter separates in the usual manner. In connection with this subject, we may be pardoned introducing a short account of how royalty churns by proxy and how nice a dairy may be made when expense is no object. Prince Albert's model farm is about a mile from Windsor Castle. The dairy is a beautiful cottage with a marble-paved and frescoed vestibule. The interior is a room about thirty feet square, the roof supported by six octagonal columns of white marble, with richly carved capitals. The floors are of white porcelain tiles, the windows stained glass, bordered with hawthorn blossoms, daisies, buttercups, and primroses. The floors are lined with tiles of porcelain of a delicate blue tint, with rich medallions inserted of the Queen, Prince Consort, and
Ethiopia (Ethiopia) (search for this): chapter 3
picking out faulty berries. In some establishments the beans are cured by a blast of warm dry air introduced into a chamber beneath the berries. Cof′fee-mill. A small hand-mill in which roasted coffee-berries are ground by passing between the serrated surfaces of opposed steel disks or rollers, or roller and concave, as the case may be. Coffee is the berry of the Coffea Arabica, a shrub of the order rubiaccoe, and its fruit resembles the cherry. Bruce says that it is native in Abyssinia. The use of the infusion as a beverage cannot be traced back very far. It was carried by Selim from Egypt to Constantinople, but does not appear to have been publicly sold till 1554. Its use was forbidden by the mufti, but again permitted by an edict of Solyman the Great. The Venetians brought it from the Levant in 1615, and in 1645 it was introduced into Marseilles. Coffee was introduced into England by Daniel Edwards, a Turkey merchant, in 1657. The first coffee-house in England w
Saumur (France) (search for this): chapter 3
which was open at each end. The long pile formed a guide, causing the caisson to settle correctly into position. The guide-pile has been occasionally used, but is by no means a necessary feature of the work. When the work is concluded, the sides of the caisson are knocked away, leaving the pier in position, as shown in the illustration. a represents the sinking of the caisson. b, the pier on its foundation. The caissons used by De Cessart in 1757 for the piers of the bridge at Saumur were sunk upon a foundation of piles, the heads of which were previously cut off to a level of about six feet below the water-surface. Each caisson was 48 × 20 feet, the ends being pointed and the sides removable, so that they could be used with another bottom after the masonry was laid nearly to the water-line. The bottom had a floor of lower beams laid side by side, and planks 14 inches thick, and the frame timbers were rabbeted to receive the uprights of the sides, which were secured to
Fort St. George (Tamil Nadu, India) (search for this): chapter 3
hery is cut in steps so as to suit the different degrees of expansion. Ca-ma′ieu. （Fine Arts.) A painting in a single color. A monochrome. Cam-ball valve. A valve actuated by a cam on the axis of a ball-lever, so that, as the float rises in the cistern, the cam shall press against the stem of the valve and close it against its seat, thus shutting off the supply when a given level has been attained in the cistern, tank, or boiler. Cam-bayes′. Cotton cloths made in Bengal, Madras, and other places in India. Cam′ber. 1. A curvature upwards, as a deck amidships, a bridge, a beam, or a lintel. It is given for — a. Conferring stability, as in a bridge, beam, or girder. b. Giving a water-shed, as in a deck or roof. c. Compensating for settling or subsidence, as in the soffits of straight arches. 2. The curve of a ship's plank. Cam′ber-beam. A beam which is laid upon the straining-beam in a truncated roof, and supports the lead or copper cov
Clock Spring (Nevada, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
linder is suspended. The axis of the cylinder, at the hour when one is desirous of being wakened, pushes down a small crank, which, by letting fall a weight, puts the alarm in motion. A dial-plate with a handle is also placed within the frame. Clock-move′ment Ham′mer. The striker of a clock which sounds the hours upon the bell or gong. Clock-pil′lar. One of the posts which connect, and at the same time hold at the prescribed distance apart, the plates of a clock movement. Clock-spring. A coiled steel spring in the going-barrel or the striking-barrel of a clock which impels the train or strikes the hours, as the case may be. The steel ribbon from which the springs are made is about 3 inches wide, and is split by circular shears into widths 1 1/2 inches to 3/10 of an inch, for the different powers required. Pieces of the same breadth are riveted together at the ends to make them continuous, are coiled on a reel, from which they pass to be hardened, tempered, polish<
Canada (Canada) (search for this): chapter 3
exposed to the heat. e. (For lens-grinders, etc.) Melt together, pitch, 5; wood-ashes, 1; hard tallow, 1. Or, Black rosin, 4; beeswax, 1; heated whiting, 16. Or, Shellac, melted. Or, Rosin and plaster-of-paris. f. To unite lenses, Canada balsam. g. (To attach metallic letters to plate-glass windows.) Copal varnish, 16; drying-oil, 6; turpentine (Venice), 3; oil of turpentine, 3; liquified glue, 5; melt, and add quicklime, in powder, 10. h. (For necks of bottles.) Linseed-mevasse-stopper. Crev′et. A crucible or melting-pot. Crib. 1. A child's cot. 2. The rack or manger of a stable. 3. A granary with slatted sides for ear corn. 4. A reel for winding yarn (Scotland). 5. A small raft of timber (Canada). 6. A structure of logs to be anchored with stones. Cribs are used for bridge-piers, ice-breakers, dams, etc. See dam. Crib′bing. Internal lining of a shaft with frametimbers and plank-backing, to prevent caving, stop percolation of w
Barbados (Barbados) (search for this): chapter 3
as to relative distance, and used in making thin sections for microscopy. Cut′lass. Abbreviated from curtal-axe. A short, heavy, curving sword; especially used by seamen in boarding or repelling boarders. Rosalind calls it a curtle-axe. Cut′ler-y. Knives, swords, chisels, and axes were originally made of material found ready to the hand, and this varied with the place. Among the Caribs they were made of shells of the Strombus gigas, which is still fished for off the island of Barbadoes. Flint knives and tools were used in almost all parts of Europe and America; they are found under circumstances which indicate that man was contemporaneous with a number of extinct animals, such as the Bos longifrons, the Irish elk, the Elephas primigenius, and others. The stone knives and hatchets of this prehistoric period are found in great variety and number, and in some cases a blade or edge of obsidian was secured to a handle, or a row of arrow-heads or blades fastened in the groov
Saxony (Saxony, Germany) (search for this): chapter 3
otton and silk stuff made in Turkey. Chlori-na′tion. A process for the extraction of gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine gas. The process was first introduced by Plattner, a professor in the School of Mines, Freiberg, Saxony. The principle involved is the transformation of metallic gold, by means of chlorine gas, into soluble chloride of gold (the aurum potabile of the ancients), which can be dissolved in cold water, and precipitated in the metallic state by sulphnot so many strings as keys, the strings being shortened, as in a guitar, by a device brought into action by the movement of the key, which struck the note. We read in a Leipsic work of 1600 of an instrument brought by Praetorius from Italy to Saxony, in which each key had its own string. This was considered quite a novelty in a keyed instrument, though common enough in harps, and was not fol- lowed till long afterwards, probably the latter half of the eighteenth century. Clavi-cith-e′ri
Belgium (Belgium) (search for this): chapter 3
s elevated to a considerable hight. The motive-power is supplied by a steam-engine moving its crank-shaft, connected with the axle of the drum by suitable spur-gearing. The chain system is now in use on the Danube, on the Charleroi Canal, in Belgium, the Beveland Canal, in Holland, and the Terneugen Canal, connecting Ghent with the Scheldt. It is about to be adopted on the Rhine, to facilitate the passage of Bingen Rapids, and on the Upper Elbe. The chain-towing system was first tried ide of making windowglass, in which the material is brought, by a succession of operations, to the shape of an open-ended cylinder, which is split by a diamond and flatted in a furnace. Although this plan had long been practiced in Germany and Belgium, it was not imported into England until about 1846, owing to the vexatious excise-regulations, all improvements in glass-working being hampered and well nigh prevented. The imposition, however, was taken off in time for the manufacture of cylin
Clifton (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 3
may be drawn back, falling by its own gravity or pushed into place by a spring. Used with high doors of rooms or book-cases. Chain-bridge. 1. A form of ferry-bridge in which the passage is made by chains laid across the river and anchored on each side, and moving over chain-wheels on board, driven by engines. Such a ferry-bridge used to cross the Itchen River, Hampshire, England. The chain pier of Brighton was erected in 1822. The chains of Hungerford Bridge, London, were moved to Clifton, near Bristol, and now span the Avon. The span is 720 feet; hight above water, 260 feet. See ferry-bridge. 2. An early (for Europe) form of the suspensionbridge in which catenary chains supported the floor. The first was erected over the Tees, in England, in 1741. Rods with eyes and connecting-links were used by Telford on the Menai Suspension Bridge, 1829; steel wires laid up (not twisted) into cables are now used. See suspension-bridge; Frontispiece. Chain-bond. The tying t
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