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and tended to co-operate with the administration of affairs by the provisional government, but disavowing any steps in excess of such instructions, whereby the authority and power of the United States might appear to have been asserted to the impairment of the independent sovereignty of the Hawaiian government by the assumption of a formal protectorate. In this condition of things the five commissioners named by the provisional government of the Hawaiian Islands reached Washington on the 3d inst., bearing authentic letters from the Hawaiian government accrediting them to the President, and conferring upon them full powers to negotiate for the union of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. On the 4th inst. the commissioners were accorded an interview with the undersigned at the request of the regularly accredited Hawaiian minister, Mr. J. Mott Smith, and submitted to me their credentials, accompanied by a statement of events leading up to and connected with the overthrow of t
been asserted to the impairment of the independent sovereignty of the Hawaiian government by the assumption of a formal protectorate. In this condition of things the five commissioners named by the provisional government of the Hawaiian Islands reached Washington on the 3d inst., bearing authentic letters from the Hawaiian government accrediting them to the President, and conferring upon them full powers to negotiate for the union of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. On the 4th inst. the commissioners were accorded an interview with the undersigned at the request of the regularly accredited Hawaiian minister, Mr. J. Mott Smith, and submitted to me their credentials, accompanied by a statement of events leading up to and connected with the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the provisional government. At a second conference on the same day the commissioners submitted to the undersigned the proposition of the provisional government, containing the terms
ng constitution and replace it arbitrarily by another of her own choice. The provisional government of the Hawaiian Islands is, by all usual and proper tests, in the sole and supreme possession of power and in control of all the resources of the Hawaiian nation, not only through the queen's formal submission, but through its possession of all the armed forces, arms, and ammunitions, public offices, and administration of law, unopposed by any adherents of the late government. On the 1st inst., subsequent to the departure of the Hawaiian special commissioners, the United States minister at Honolulu, at the request of the provisional government, placed the Hawaiian government under the protection of the United States, to insure the security of life and property during the pending negotiations at Washington, and without interfering with the administration of public affairs by the said government. An instruction has been sent to the minister, commending his action in so far as it
he rights of all people and of all foreigners domiciled there. The correspondence which accompanies the treaty will put the Senate in possession of all the facts known to the executive. Benjamin Harrison. executive mansion, Washington, Feb. 15, 1893. Letter of the Secretary of State to the President The undersigned, Secretary of State, has the honor to lay before the President, with a view to obtaining the advice and consent of the Senate thereto, should such a course be, in td, as leads to the conviction that the incorporation of the Hawaiian Islands into our Union will be regarded by these powers with satisfaction or ready acquiescence. Respectfully submitted, John. W. Foster. Department of State, Washington, Feb. 15, 1893. Treaty of 1893. The United States of America and the provisional government of the Hawaiian Islands: In view of the natural dependence of these islands upon the United States of their geographical proximity thereto, of the intimate
report upon the course of events. He withdrew the protectorate established by Mr. Stevens, who had been recalled in May, and remained in Hawaii until August. In September Albert S. Willis, of Kentucky, was appointed minister to the islands. Public attention, which had been somewhat diverted from Hawaiian affairs, was recalled to them by the publication, Nov. 10, of Secretary Gresham's report, in which he dwelt upon the proof of a conspiracy which had overturned the queen's government in January. This report was followed, Nov. 21, 1893, by Commissioner Blount's report, which displayed the results of his investigations in Hawaii, and had served as the basis for President Cleveland's policy. This policy was announced by message to Congress on Dec. 18 in the following language: By an act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress, the government of a feeble but friendly and confiding people has
d final conveyance to the United States of all the rights of sovereignty and property herein ceded to them. Within one month after such exchange of ratifications the provisional government shall furnish said commissioner with a full and complete schedule of all the public property herein ceded and transferred. In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the above articles and have hereunto affixed their seals. Done in duplicate at the city of Washington this 14th day of February, 1893. John W. Foster. Lorrin A. Thurston, William R. Castle, William C. Wilder, Charles L. Carter, Joseph Marsden. The first important act of Mr. Cleveland after his inauguration was to withdraw the treaty from the Senate and send James H. Blount (q. v.) as a special commissioner to Hawaii, with paramount authority, to report upon the course of events. He withdrew the protectorate established by Mr. Stevens, who had been recalled in May, and remained in Hawaii until August.
and on Dec. 19 laid before the provisional government President Cleveland's desire for its abdication and restoration of the monarchy, coupled with the queen's offer of pardon. This proposal was a few days later rejected by Mr. Dole for the provisional government. These proceedings became known in the middle of January, 1894, and on Jan. 13 President Cleveland transmitted the documents to Congress. Mr. Dole was not interfered with, and affairs in the islands quieted down at once. On Jan. 8, 1896, however, the following resolution relating to the Hawaiian Islands, offered by Representative Spalding (Republican, of Michigan), was read in the House and referred to the committee on foreign affairs: That Congress doth consent that the territory properly included within and rightfully belonging to the government of Hawaii, and commonly known as the Sandwich Islands, may be erected into a new State, to be called the State of Hawaii, with a republican form of government, to be adopte
n, which had been somewhat diverted from Hawaiian affairs, was recalled to them by the publication, Nov. 10, of Secretary Gresham's report, in which he dwelt upon the proof of a conspiracy which had overturned the queen's government in January. This report was followed, Nov. 21, 1893, by Commissioner Blount's report, which displayed the results of his investigations in Hawaii, and had served as the basis for President Cleveland's policy. This policy was announced by message to Congress on Dec. 18 in the following language: By an act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress, the government of a feeble but friendly and confiding people has been overthrown. A substantial wrong has thus been done, which a due regard for our national character, as well as the rights of the injured people, requires we should endeavor to repair. The provisional government has not assumed a republican or other cons
ided for shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Sec. 3. That the sum of $100,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, and to be immediately available, to be expended at the discretion of the President of the United States of America, for the purpose of carrying this joint resolution into effect. This resolution was adopted in the House by a vote of 209 to 91 (49 not voting) and in the Senate by a vote of 42 to 21. Under it the President appointed the following commission: President Sanford B. Dole and Chief-Justice Walter H. Frear, of Hawaii; Senators Shelby M. Cullom (Illinois) and John T. Morgan (Alabama); and Representative Robert T. Hitt (Illinois). On Aug. 12 the United States took formal possession of the islands, Sanford B. Dole becoming territorial governor pending further .legislation by Congress. See United States, Hawaii, vol. IX.
is 6,640 square miles, and the population in 1900 was 154,001. About onehalf of this number were natives or halfcastes; there were several thousands each of Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese; while the American. British, and German contingents, though smaller, were, of course, very influential. Discovered by Captain Cook in 1778, this former island kingdom in 1819 renounced in form idolatry, and received American missionaries in 1820. A constitution was granted in 1840, and revised in 1852. In 1853 King Kamehameha expressed an earnest desire to have his domain attached to the United States. This was a matter of great moment, for these islands were to become of much importance in the commercial operations in the Pacific Ocean. A large majority of the white people there were Americans by birth, and the government, in all essential operations, was controlled by Americans, notwithstanding the ostensible ruler was a native sovereign. The consuls of England and France there, wh
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