A.through; never anastroph. [Prop. δι^α^: but Hom. uses ι_ at the beginning of a line, Il.3.357, 4.135, al.: also α_, metri gr., freq. in Hom., for which A. uses διαί in lyr., Ag.448, al.]
A. WITH GEN.
I. of Place or Space:
1. of motion in a line, from one end to the other, right through, in Hom. freq. of the effect of weapons, “διὰ μὲν ἀσπίδος ἦλθε . . ἔγχος καὶ διὰ θώρηκος . .” Il. 3.357; “δουρὶ βάλεν Δάμασον κυνέης διά” 12.183; “δι᾽ ὤμου . . ἔγχος ἦλθεν” 4.481; in Prose, “τιτρώσκειν διὰ τοῦ θώρακος” X.An.1.8.26; διὰ τοῦ ὀρόφου ἐφαίνετο πῦρ ib.7.4.16: also of persons, διὰ Σκαιῶν πεδίονδ᾽ ἔχον ὠκέας ἵππους out through the Scaean gate, Il.3.263; δι᾽ ἠέρος αἰθέρ᾽ ἵκανεν quite through the lower air even to the ether, Il.14.288, cf. 2.458; διὰ Τρώων πέτετο straight through them, 13.755; “δι᾽ ὄμματος . . λείβων δάκρυον” S.OC1250, etc.: also in Compos. with πρό and ἐκ, v. διαπρό, διέκ: in adverbial phrases, διὰ πασῶν (sc. χορδῶν), v. διαπασῶν: “διὰ πάσης” throughout, Th.1.14; “διὰ κενῆς” idly, Id.4.126, etc. (cf.111.1.c).
2. of motion through a space, but not in a line, throughout, ouer, “ἑπόμεσθα διὰ πεδίοιο” Il.11.754; “δι᾽ ὄρεσφι” 10.185, al.; ὀδύνη διὰ χροὸς ἦλθε through all his frame, 11.398; “τεῦχε βοὴν διὰ ἄστεος” Od.10.118; “δι᾽ ὁμίλου” Il.6.226, etc.; “θορύβου διὰ τῶν τάξεων ἰόντος” X.An.1.8.16, cf. 2.4.26, etc.; later, in quoting an authority, “ἱστορεῖ δ. τῆς δευτέρας” in the course of . ., Ath.10.438b.
3. in the midst of, Il.9.468; “κεῖτο τανυσσάμενος δ. μήλων” Od.9.298; between, “δ. τῶν πλευρέων ταμόντα” Hp.Morb.2.61: hence, of pre-eminence, “ἔπρεπε καὶ δ. πάντων” Il.12.104; “τετίμακε δι᾽ ἀνθρώπων” Pi.I.4(3).37; “εὐδοκιμέοντι δ. πάντων” Hdt.6.63, cf. 1.25, etc.
4. in Prose, sts. of extension, along, “παρήκει δ. τῆσδε τῆς θαλάσσης ἡ ἀκτή” Id.4.39 (but πέταται δ. θαλάσσας across the sea, Pi.N.6.48); “λόφος, δι᾽ οὗ τὸ σταύρωμα περιεβέβληντο” X.HG7.4.22.
5. in Prose, of Intervals of Space, δ. τριήκοντα δόμων at intervals of thirty layers, i. e. after every thirtieth layer, Hdt.1.179; δ. δέκα ἐπάλξεων at every tenth battlement, Th.3.21; cf. infr. 11.3: of a single interval, δ. πέντε σταδίων at a distance of five stades, Hdt.7.30, cf. 198; δ. τοσούτου μᾶλλον ἢ δ. πολλῶν ἡμερῶν ὁδοῦ at so short a distance, etc., Th.2.29; δ. πολλοῦ at a great distance apart, Id.3.94; “δ. πλείστου” Id.2.97; “δι᾽ ἐλάσσονος” Id.3.51; “ὕδατα δ. μακροῦ ἀλόμενα” Hp.Aër.9, etc.
II. of Time,
1. of duration from one end of a period to the other, throughout, δ. παντὸς [τοῦ χρόνου] Hdt.9.13; “δι᾽ ὅλου τοῦ αἰῶνος” Th.1.70; “δι᾽ αἰῶνος” S.El.1024; “δι᾽ ἡμέρας ὅλης” Ar.Pax 27; “δι᾽ ὅλης τῆς νυκτός” X.An.4.2.4, etc.: without an Adj., δι᾽ ἡμέρης all day long, Hdt.1.97; “δ. νυκτός” Th.2.4, X.An.4.6.22 (but δ. νυκτός in the course of the night, by night, Act.Ap.5.19, PRyl.138.15 (i A. D.), etc.); “δ. νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας” Pl.R.343b; δι᾽ ἐνιαυτοῦ, δι᾽ ἔτους, Ar.Fr.569.8, V.1058; “δ. βίου” Pl.Smp.183e, etc.; “δ. τέλους” from beginning to end, A.Pr.275, Pl.R.519c, etc.: with Adjs. alone, “δ. παντός” continually, A.Ch.862 (lyr.), etc.; δι᾽ ὀλίγου for a short time, Th.1.77; “δ. μακροῦ” E.Hec.320; “ὁ δ. μέσου χρόνος” Hdt. 8.27.
2. of the interval which has passed between two points of Time, δ. χρόνου πολλοῦ or δ. πολλοῦ χρ. after a long time, Id.3.27, Ar.Pl.1045; “δ. μακρῶν χρόνων” Pl.Ti.22d: without an Adj., δ. χρόνου after a time, S.Ph.758, X.Cyr.1.4.28, etc.; δι᾽ ἡμερῶν after several days, Ev.Marc.2.1; and with Adjs. alone, “δι᾽ ὀλίγου” Th.5.14; “οὐ δ. μακροῦ” Id.6.15,91; “δ. πολλοῦ” Luc.Nigr.2, etc.: with Numerals, “δι᾽ ἐτέων εἴκοσι” Hdt.6.118, cf. OGI56.38 (iii B. C.), etc.: but δ. τῆς ἑβδόμης till the seventh day, Luc.Hist.Conscr.21: also distributively, χρόνος δ. χρόνου προὔβαινε time after time, S.Ph.285; “ἄλλος δι᾽ ἄλλου” E.Andr.1248.
3. of successive Intervals, δ. τρίτης ἡμέρης every other day, Hdt.2.37; δ. τρίτου ἔτεος ib.4, etc.; δ. πεντετηρίδος every four years (with inclusive reckoning), Id.3.97; δι᾽ ἔτους πέμπτου, of the Olympic games, Ar.Pl.584 (but δι᾽ ἑνδεκάτου ἔτεος in the course of the eleventh year, Hdt.1.62).
III. causal, through, by,
a. of the Agent, δι᾽ ἀλλέλων or -ου ἐπικηρυκεύεσθαι, ποιεῖσθαι, by the mouth of . ., Id.1.69,6.4, cf. 1.113; “δι᾽ ἑρμηνέως λέγειν” X.An.2.3.17, etc.; “τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ Κυρίου δ. τοῦ προφήτου” Ev.Matt.1.22; “δι᾽ ἑκόντων ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δ. βίας ποιεῖσθαι” Pl.Phlb.58b; πεσόντ᾽ ἀλλοτρίας διαὶ γυναικός by her doing, A.Ag.448 (lyr.); “ἐκ θεῶν γεγονὼς δ. βασιλέων πεφυκώς” X.Cyr.7.2.24; δι᾽ ἑαυτοῦ ποιεῖν τι of oneself, not by another's agency, ib.1.1.4, etc.; but also, by oneself alone, unassisted, D.15.14, cf. 22.38.
b. of the Instrument or Means, δ. χειρῶν by hand (prop. by holding between the hands), “δι᾽ ὁσίων χ. θιγών” S. OC470; also δ. χερῶν λαβεῖν, δ. χειρὸς ἔχειν in the hand, Id.Ant. 916, 1258 (but τὰ τῶν ξυμμάχων δ. χειρὸς ἔχειν to keep a firm hand on, Th.2.13); “δ. στέρνων ἔχειν” S.Ant.639; “ἡ ἀκούουσα πηγὴ δι᾽ ὤτων” Id.OT1387; “δ. στόματος ἔχειν” X.Cyr.1.4.25; “δ. μνήμης ἔχειν” Luc.Cat.9; “αἱ δ. τοῦ σώματος ἡδοναί” X.Mem.1.5.6; δ. λόγων συγγίγνεσθαι to hold intercourse by word, Pl.Plt.272b; “δ. λόγου ἀπαγγέλλειν” Act.Ap.15.27; “δι᾽ ἐπιστολῶν” 2 Ep.Cor.10.9, POxy. 1070.15 (iii A. D.).
c. of Manner (where διά with its Noun freq. serves as an Adv.), “δ. μέθης ποιήσασθαι τὴν συνουσίαν” Pl.Smp.176e; παίω δι᾽ ὀργῆς through passion, in passion, S.OT807; δ. τάχους, = ταχέως, Id.Aj.822, Th.1.63 (but δ. ταχέων ib.80, al.); δ. σπουδῆς in haste, hastily, E.Ba.212; δι᾽ αἰδοῦς with reverence, respectfully, ib.441; δ. ψευδῶν ἔπη lying words, Id.Hel.309; αἱ δ. καρτερίας ἐπιμέλειαι long-continued exertions, X.Mem.2.1.20; δι᾽ ἀκριβείας, δ. πάσης ἀκρ., Pl.Ti.23d, Lg.876c; “δ. σιγῆς” Id.Grg.450c; “δ. ξυμφορῶν ἡ ξύμβασις ἐγένετο” Th.6.10; “οὐ δι᾽ αἰνιγμάτων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐναργῶς γέγραπται” Aeschin.3.121; “δι᾽ αἵματος, οὐ δ. μέλανος τοὺς νόμους ὁ Δράκων ἔγραψεν” Plu.Sol.17: also with Adjs., δ. βραχέων, δ. μακρῶν τοὺς λόγους ποιεῖσθαι, Isoc.14.3, Pl.Grg.449b; ἀποκρίνεσθαι δ. βραχυτάτων ibid. d; cf. infr. IV.
2. in later Prose, of Material out of which a thing is made, “κατασκευάζειν εἴδωλα δι᾽ ἐλέφαντος καὶ χρυσοῦ” D.S.17.115; “θυσίαι δι᾽ ἀλφίτου καὶ σπονδῆς πεποιημέναι” Plu.Num.8; “βρώματα δ. μέλιτος καὶ γάλακτος γιγνόμενα” Ath.14.646e; “οἶνος δ. βουνίου” Dsc. 5.46.
IV. διά τινος ἔχειν, εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, to express conditions or states, ἀγὼν διὰ πάσης ἀγωνίης ἔχων extending through every kind of contest, Hdt.2.91; “δι᾽ ἡσυχίης εἶναι” Id.1.206; δι᾽ ὄχλου εἶναι to be troublesome, Ar.Ec.888; “δ. φόβου εἶναι” Th.6.59; “δι᾽ ἀπεχθείας γίγνεσθαι” X.Hier.9.2; ἡ ἐπιμέλεια δ. χάριτος γίγνεται ibid.; “δ. μιᾶς γνώμης γίγνεσθαι” Isoc.4.138.
b. with Verbs of motion, δ. μάχης ἐλεύσονται will engage in battle, Hdt.6.9; “ἐλθεῖν” Th.4.92; δ. παντὸς πολέμου, δ. φιλίας ἰέναι τινί, X.An.3.2.8; δ. δίκης ἰέναι τινί go to law with . ., S.Ant.742, cf. Th.6.60; “δ. τύχης ἰέναι” S.OT773; “δι᾽ ὀργῆς ἥκειν” Id.OC905; ἐμαυτῷ δ. λόγων ἀφικόμην I held converse with myself, E.Med.872; δ. λόγων, δ. γλώσσης ἰέναι come to open speech, Id.Tr.916, Supp.112; δ. φιλημάτων ἰέναι come to kissing, Id.Andr. 416; “δ. δικαιοσύνης ἰέναι καὶ σωφροσύνης” Pl.Prt.323a, etc.; δ. πυρὸς ἰέναι (v. πῦρ): in pass. sense, δι᾽ ἀπεχθείας ἐλθεῖν τινι to be hated by . ., A.Pr.121 (anap.).
c. with trans. Verbs, δι᾽ αἰτίας ἔχειν or ἄγειν τινά hold in fault, Th.2.60, Ael.VH9.32; “δι᾽ ὀργῆς ἔχειν τινά” Th.2.37, etc.; “δ. φυλακῆς ἔχειν τι” Id.7.8; δι᾽ οἴκτου ἔχειν τινά, δι᾽ αἰσχύνης ἔχειν τι, E.Hec.851, IT683; “δ. πένθους τὸ γῆρας διάγειν” X.Cyr.4.6.6; “δι᾽ οὐδενὸς ποιεῖσθαί τι” S.OC584.
B. WITH Acc.
I. of Place, only Poet., in same sense as διά c. gen.:
1. through, “ἓξ δὲ δ. πτύχας ἦλθε . . χαλκός” Il.7.247; “ἤϊξε δ. δρυμὰ . . καὶ ὕλην” 11.118, cf. 23.122, etc.; δ. τάφρον ἐλαύνειν across it, 12.62; “δ. δώματα ποιπνύοντα” 1.600; “ἐπὶ χθόνα καὶ δ. πόντον βέβακεν” Pi.I.4(3).41; “φεύγειν δ. κῦμ᾽ ἅλιον” A.Supp.14 (anap.).
2. through, among, in, “οἴκεον δι᾽ ἄκριας” Od.9.400; “ἄραβος δὲ δ. στόμα γίγνετ᾽ ὀδόντων” Il.10.375 (but μῦθον, ὃν . . δ. στόμα . . ἄγοιτο through his mouth, 14.91; so “δ. στόμα ὄσσαν ἱεῖσαι” Hes.Th.65; “ἀεὶ γὰρ ἡ γυνή σ᾽ ἔχει δ. στόμα” Ar.Lys.855); “δ. κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας” Hes.Th.631; “νόμοι δι᾽ αἰθέρα τεκνωθέντες” S.OT867 (lyr.).
III. causal:
1. of persons, thanks to, by aid of, “νικῆσαι δ . . . Ἀθήνην” Od.8.520, cf. 13.121; “δ. δμῳὰς . . εἷλον” 19.154; δ. σε by thy fault or service, S.OC1129, Ar.Pl.145, cf. 160,170: in Prose, by reason of, on account of, “δ᾽̓ ἡμᾶς” Th.1.41, cf. X.An.7.6.33, D.18.249; “οὐ δι᾽ ἐμαυτόν” And.1.144; so εἰ μὴ διά τινα if it had not been for . ., “εἰ μὴ δι᾽ ἄνδρας ἀγαθούς” Lys.12.60; “Μιλτιάδην εἰς τὸ βάραθρον ἐμβαλεῖν ἐψηφίσαντο, καὶ εἰ μὴ δ. τὸν πρύτανιν ἐνέπεσεν ἄν” Pl.Grg.516e, cf. D.19.74; “εἰ μὴ δ. τὴν ἐκείνου μέλλησιν” Th.2.18, cf. Ar.V.558; “πλέον᾽ ἔλπομαι λόγον Ὀδυσσέος ἢ πάθαν γενέσθαι δι᾽ Ὅμηρον” Pi.N.7.21.
2. of things, to express the Cause, Occasion, or Purpose, δι᾽ ἐμὴν ἰότητα because of my will, Il.15.41; “Διὸς μεγάλου δ. βουλάς” Od.8.82; δι᾽ ἀφραδίας for, through want of thought, 19.523; “δι᾽ ἀτασθαλίας” 23.67; δι᾽ ἔνδειαν by reason of poverty, X. An.7.8.6; δ. καῦμα, δ. χειμῶνα, ib.1.7.6; “δι᾽ ἄγνοιαν καὶ ἀμαθίαν” Pl. Prt.360b, etc.: freq. also with neut. Adjs., δ. τί; wherefore?; δ. τοῦτο, δ. ταῦτα on this account; δι᾽ ὅ, δι᾽ ἅ on which account; δ. πολλά for many reasons, etc.
3. = ἕνεκα, to express Purpose, δἰ ἀχθηδόνα for the sake of vexing, Th.4.40, cf. 5.53; δ. τὴν τούτου σαφήνειαν with a view to clearing this up, Pl.R.524c, cf. Arist.EN 1172b21; αὐτή δι᾽ αὑτήν for its own sake, Pl.R.367b, etc.
D. IN COMPOS.:
II. in different directions, as in διαπέμπω, διαφορέω; of separation, asunder, διαιρέω, διαλύω; of difference or disagreement, at variance, διαφωνέω, διαφέρω; or simply mutual relation, one with another, διαγωνίζομαι, διάδω, διαθέω, διαπίνω, διαφιλοτιμέομαι.
IV. completion, to the end, utterly, διεργάζομαι, διαμάχομαι, διαπράττω, διαφθείρω: of Time, διαβιόω.
V. to add strength, thoroughly, out and out, διαγαληνίζω, etc.; cf. ζά.