I.on the outside, outward, of another country, family, etc., foreign, strange (syn.: extraneus; alienus, peregrinus, adventicius).
I. Pos. (in Cic. and Caes. used in the plur.): “quod exter heres praestare cogeretur,” strange, Dig. 31, 1, 69: “emancipatus vero aut exterus non aliter possunt hereditatem quaerere quam si, etc.,” ib. 29, 2, 84; cf. ib. 31, 1, 67, § 4: “tactus corporis est sensus, vel cum res extera sese Insinuat, vel, etc.,” Lucr. 2, 435: “vis,” id. 2, 277: “haec lex socialis est, hoc jus nationum exterarum est,” Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: “exterarum gentium multitudo,” Suet. Caes. 84: “non modo vestris civibus, verum etiam exteris nationibus,” Cic. Font. 11, 25; cf.: “apud exteras civitates,” Cic. Caecin. 34, 100: “apud exteras nationes,” Caes. B. C. 3, 43 fin.; “ad nationes exteras,” Quint. 11, 1, 89: “apud exteros,” Plin. 18, 3, 5, § 22 et saep.: “ab extero hoste atque longinquo,” Cic. Cat. 2, 13.—In neutr. plur. with gen.: “ad extera Europae noscenda missus Himilco,” Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 169: “ad extera corporum,” id. 22, 23, 49, § 103.—
II. Comp.: extĕrĭor , us (in signif. scarcely differing from its pos.), outward, outer, exterior; opp. interior (rare but class.): “cum alterum fecisset exteriorem, interiorem alterum amplexus orbem,” Cic. Univ. 7; cf.: “simul ex navibus milites in exteriorem vallum tela jaciebant ... et legionarii, interioris munitionis defensores,” Caes. B. C. 3, 63, 6: “colle exteriore occupato,” id. B. G. 7, 79, 1: “circumire exteriores mutiones jubet,” id. ib. 7, 87, 4: “pares munitiones contra exteriorem hostem perfecit,” id. ib. 7, 74: “comes exterior,” i. e. on the left side, Hor. S. 2, 5, 17.—
III. Sup. in two forms, extrēmus and extĭmus or extŭmus [sup. of ex; cf. Gr. ἔσχατος, Georg Curtius Gr. Etym. p. 387].
A. extrēmus , a, um (which in post-class. lang. is itself compared; comp.: “extremior,” App. M. 1, p. 105; 7, p. 188; sup.: “extremissimus,” Tert. Apol. 19), the outermost, utmost, extreme (so most freq.; cf.: ultimus, postremus, novissimus, supremus, imus).
1. Lit.: “extremum oppidum Allobrogum est Geneva,” Caes. B. G. 1, 6, 3: “flumen Axona, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus,” on the farthest borders, id. ib. 2, 5, 4: “fines,” Liv. 39, 28, 2; 45, 29, 14; cf.: “ad extremum finem provinciae Galliae venerunt,” id. 40, 16, 5: “impiger extremos currit mercator ad Indos,” the remotest, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 45: “Tanaïs,” id. C. 3, 10, 1: “in extrema fere parte epistolae,” near the end, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 20; cf.: “in codicis extrema cera,” Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 92; but to denote the last part of a thing it is used more freq. in immediate connection with the substantive denoting the whole: “quibus (litteris) in extremis,” at its end, id. Att. 14, 8, 1; cf.: “in qua (epistola) extrema,” id. ib. 13, 45, 1: “in extremo libro tertio,” at the end of the third book, id. Off. 3, 2, 9: “in extrema oratione,” id. de Or. 1, 10, 41: “in extremo ponte turrim constituit,” Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 3; cf.: “ad extremas fossas castella constituit,” id. ib. 2, 8, 3: “ab extremo agmine,” id. ib. 2, 11, 4: “in extrema Cappadocia,” Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 4: “extremis digitis aliquid attingere,” id. Cael. 12, 28 et saep. —In the neutr. absol. and as subst.: extrē-mum , i, n., an end, the end: divitias alii praeponunt, alii honores, multi etiam voluptates; “beluarum hoc quidem extremum,” Cic. Lael. 6, 20: “quod finitum est, habet extremum,” id. Div. 2, 50, 103: “missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum,” at the end, Liv. 21, 8, 10: in "Equo Trojano" scis esse in extremo "sero sapiunt," Cic. Fam. 7, 16, 1; cf.: “quod erat in extremo,” id. Att. 6, 9, 1.—With gen.: “aliquid ad extremum causae reservatum,” Cic. Deiot. 13, 35 (cf. infra, 2. a. fin.): “caelum ipsum, quod extremum atque ultumum mundi est,” id. Div. 2, 43, 91: “ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris provinciae extremum,” Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 5: “summum gulae fauces vocantur, extremum stomachus,” Plin. 11, 37, 68, § 179: “in extremo montis,” Sall. J. 37, 4.— In plur.: “extrema agminis,” Liv. 6, 32, 11: “extrema Africae,” Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 31: “extrema Galliae,” Flor. 3, 3, 1; 3, 20, 12; Tac. H. 5, 18; id. A. 4, 67; 4, 74.—
2. Trop.
a. In respect to time or the order of succession, the latest, last: “inter prioris mensis senescentis extremum diem et novam lunam,” Varr. L. L. 6, § 10 Müll.: “mensis anni Februarius,” Cic. Leg. 2, 21, 54: “tempore diei,” Hirt. B. G. 8, 15, 6: “eam amicitiam ad extremum finem vitae perduxit,” Liv. 37, 53, 8: “matres ab extremo conspectu liberorum exclusae,” Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118: “manus extrema non accessit operibus ejus,” the finishing hand, the last touches, id. Brut. 33, 126: “extremum illud est, ut te orem et obsecrem,” it remains only, id. Fam. 4, 13, 7; id. Att. 11, 16, 5.—To denote the last part of a thing (cf. above, 1.): quod eo die potest videri extrema et prima luna, i. e. the end and the beginning, Varr. L. L. l. l.: “usque ad extremam aetatem ab adolescentia,” Nep. Cato, 2, 4; id. Att. 10, 3; cf.: ita tantum bellum Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit, Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 35: “extremo anno,” Liv. 2, 64, 1: “extremo tempore,” in the last time, at last, Nep. Dat. 10; id. Epam. 9; id. Eum. 5, 3 al.: “extrema pueritia,” Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: “extremo Peloponnesio bello,” Nep. Con. 1, 2: extremus dies, the close of day, the evening, Sil 7, 172; 14, 8.—Subst.: “illum Praeteritum temnens extremos inter euntem,” Hor. S. 1, 1, 116; cf.: extremi primorum, extremis usque priores, id. Ep. 2, 2, 204: “extremus dominorum,” Tac. H. 4, 42 fin.: “die extremum erat,” Sall. J. 21, 2: “extremum aestatis,” id. ib. 90, 1: “extremo anni,” Liv. 35, 11, 1: “sub extremum noctis,” Sil. 4, 88 al.—Prov.: extrema semper de ante factis judicant (cf. our wise after the event), Pub. Syr. 163 Rib.—Adv.: extremum .
a. For the last time: “alloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos,” Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 15: cum diu occulte suspirassent, postea jam gemere, ad extremum vero loqui omnes et clamare coeperunt.—
b. At last, finally, Cic. Att. 2, 21, 2: “extremum tenues liquefacta medullas Tabuit,” Ov. M. 14, 431.—Adverb. phrase: “ad extremum,” id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 4, 4, 2 et saep.; cf., strengthened by tum: “invenire quod dicas ... deinde ... post ... tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare,” Cic. de Or. 2, 19, 79; and strengthened by denique: “ad extremum ipsa denique necessitate excitantur,” id. Sest. 47, 100: “decimo loco testis exspectatus et ad extremum reservatus dixit, etc.,” till the end, to the last, id. Caecin. 10, 28: “ad extremum,” Ov. P. 1, 9, 28; 3, 7, 20; “for which: in extremum (durare),” id. H. 7, 111: “qui extremo mortuus est,” at last, Dig. 32, 1, 81: “extremo,” Nep. Ham. 2, 3.—
b. Extreme in quality or degree; used, like ultimus, to denote both the highest and the lowest grade.
(α).
The utmost, highest, greatest: cum extremum hoc sit (sentis enim, credo, me jam diu, quod τέλος Graeci dicunt, id dicere tum extremum, tum ultimum, tum summum: “licebit etiam finem pro extremo aut ultimo dicere) cum igitur hoc sit extremum, congruenter naturae vivere, etc.,” Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26: “extremam famem sustentare,” Caes. B. G. 7, 17, 3: “ad extrema et inimicissima jura tam cupide decurrebas,” Cic. Quint. 15, 48; cf.: “decurritur ad illud extremum atque ultimum S. C., Dent operam consules, etc.,” Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 3: “extremam rationem belli sequens,” id. ib. 3, 44, 1: “neque aliud se fatigando nisi odium quaerere, extremae dementiae est,” is the height of madness, Sall. J. 3, 3: “in extremis suis rebus,” in the utmost, greatest danger, Caes. B. G. 2, 25 fin.: “res,” Suet. Ner. 6 fin.; cf.: “res jam ad extremum perducta casum,” Caes. B. G. 3, 5, 1: “necessitate extrema ad mortem agi,” Tac. A. 13, 1.—Subst.: si nihil in Lepido spei sit, descensurum ad extrema, to desperate measures, Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 4: “ad extrema perventum est,” Curt. 4, 14, 14: “ad extrema ventum foret, ni, etc.,” Liv. 2, 47, 8: “compellere ad extrema deditionis,” to surrender at discretion, Flor. 4, 5; cf.: “famem, ferrum et extrema pati,” Tac. H. 4, 59: “plura de extremis loqui,” id. ib. 2, 47 al.: “res publica in extremo sita,” Sall. C. 52, 11; “Sen. de Ira, 1, 11, 5.—Adverb.: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus,” utterly, Liv. 23, 2, 4.—
(β).
The lowest, vilest, meanest (perh. not ante-Aug.): “mancipia,” Sen. Ep. 70 fin.: “latrones,” App. M. 3, p. 131: “quidam sortis extremae juvenis,” Just. 15, 1: “alimenta vitae,” Tac. A. 6, 24: “extremi ingenii est,” Liv. 22, 29, 8.—
B. extĭmus or extŭmus , a, um, the outermost, farthest, most remote (rare but class.): “novem orbes, quorum unus est caelestis, extimus, qui reliquos omnes complectitur,” Cic. Rep. 6, 17: “circum caesura membrorum,” Lucr. 3, 219; 4, 647: “promontorium Oceani,” Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 1: “gentes,” id. 2, 78, 80, § 190: factus sum extimus a vobis, i. e. discarded, estranged, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 609 P.—Subst.: “Apuliae extima,” the borders, Plin. 6, 34, 39, § 217.
