Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History, Cardinal,

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19th-Century American

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Cardinal,

A prince in the Church of Rome, the council of the Pope, and the conclave or “sacred college,” at first was the principal priest or incumbent of the parishes in Rome, and said to have been called cardinale in 853. The cardinals claimed the exclusive power of electing the Pope about 1179. In the United States the first cardinal was John McCloskey, Archbishop of New York, created March 15, 1875; the second, James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore, created June 7, 1886; the third, Sebastian Martinelli, titular Archbishop of Ephesus and Papal Ablegate to the United States, created April 15, 1901.

Harper and Brothers Publishers. . New York. 1902.

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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History
Benson Lossing, Ed.

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Cardinal,

Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History Benson Lossing, Ed.

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Cardinal,

Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History
Benson Lossing, Ed.