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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
iny refers to the use of lead for ruling lines on papyrus. La Moine cites a document of 1387 ruled with graphite. Slips of graphite in wooden sticks (pencils) are mentioned by Gesner, Zurich, in 1565; he credits England with the production. They were doubtless the product of the Borrowdale mine, then lately discovered. In the early part of the seventeenth century, black-lead pencils are distinctly described by several writers. They are noticed by Ambrosinus, 1648; spoken of by Pettus, in 1683, as inclosed in fir or cedar. Red and black chalk pencils were used in Germany in 1450; in fact, fragments of chalk, charcoal, and shaped sticks of colored minerals had been in use since times previous to all historic mention. Painting of the body, face, and limbs is an accomplishment in all countries where clothing is scanty, and some tribes have ingeniously contrived to make it permanent by tattooing. This art is both ancient and modern, and has its professors in many countries. The
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), U. (search)
xander VI adopted the line of no variation discovered by Columbus 100 miles west of the Azores, as the easterly limit of the papal grant to the Spaniards, May, 1493. He was not aware, no blame to him, that the line was slowly moving east, and would soon be far removed from its first-observed position. It was reserved for a future age to show the incorrectness of the then received opinion that magnetism is an effluvium issuing forth from the root of the tail of the Little Bear. Halley, in 1683, sketched his theory of four magnetic poles or points of attraction, and of the periodical movement of the magnetic lines of no variation. In 1698-1702 he made several voyages of observation, and the result was a general variationchart, in which the points of equal variation were connected by curved lines. Hansteen's chart (1787) gives the western and eastern lines of no variation at the date of his writing. These are given under magnetometer (which see). Variation-charts are now i