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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
a cistern l, where it is heated, and is then returned upon the cane through the pipe m and the cistern n and the central feeding-tube, by which the cane or beet is supplied to the diffusing-chamber. Diffu′sion-tube. An instrument for determining the rate of diffusion of different gases. It consists of a graduated tube closed at one end by plasterof-paris, — a substance which, when moderately dry, possesses the required porosity. — Thomas. Di′gest-er. Invented by Dr. Papin, about 1690 Digesters. A strong boiler a with a tightly fitting cover b, closed by a screw c, and used to expose food to a heat above 212°. By a certain increment of heat the gelatine is separated from the phosphate of lime of the bones; the earthy particles sinking to the bottom. It has a safety-valve on top to allow steam to escape when it begins to acquire a dangerous tension. It was in contriving this boiler that Dr. Papin invented the safety-valve. The lard and other grease tanks used
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), N. (search)
e demand for news from the Duke of Marlborough's army led to their being issued tri-weekly. The first London daily was the Courant, published by Samuel Buckley in 1703. The first established newspaper in England, outside of London, is believed to have been the Norwich postman, 1706. The first actually published in Scotland was at Edinburgh in 1654. The Dublin News-letter, the earliest Irish paper, was established in 1685. In the United States a newspaper was attempted as early as 1690. The first number was dated September 25 of that year, but its farther issue was prevented by the colonial government, it being published contrary to law, and containing reflections of a very high nature. In 1704 the Boston News-letter, published by authority, was established by John Campbell, and in 1719 the Boston gazette, also by authority. To these succeeded the New England Courant, by James Franklin, a brother of the Doctor. Andrew Bradford founded a paper at Philadelphia in 1719, an
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
olio, Como, 1521, there is an engraving of a large vessel propelled by paddles worked by animal power. A pen-and-ink sketch on an Italian manuscript of the fifteenth century, preserved in the British Museum, shows a vessel propelled by a pair of paddle-wheels on a shaft rotated by gearing and hand-power. From 1619 to 1662, six patents were granted in England for devices purposely described with great looseness, for concealment, but which appear to have been paddle-wheels of some kind. In 1690, Papin describes oars fixed to an axis, a pinion on the latter being engaged by a rack on the piston-rod. In 1729, Dr. John Allen patented the hydraulic propeller, forcing water through the stern of the ship at a convenient distance under water. In 1737, Jonathan Hulls patented a steamboat propelled by a paddle-wheel astern. In 1738, David Ramsey obtained a patent in England for a mode of propulsion of vessels by the force of water ejected by a steam-pump. In 1780, Watt suggested
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
n the virginal and the harpsichord. Unlike the former, its strings were strained over a bent bridge, and were struck by quills; and, unlike the latter, it had but a single string to a note. See history of the development of the piano-forte, pages 1690, 1691. Lord Bacon says: In spinets, as soon as the spine is let fall to touch the string, the sound ceases. The name was also applied to a supplementary instrument tuned an octave above the harpsichord, and placed on or inside that instrumen Henry Barton, Mayor, ordered Lanterns with lights to be hanged out on the winter evenings, between Hallowtide and Candlemasse. — Stowe. In 1668, householders were reminded that they should hang out lanterns duly at the accustomed time, and in 1690 this order was renewed, and these lights were required to be kept burning from dark till midnight every night between Michaelmas and Lady Day. In 1716, farther ordinances for the better lighting of the city were made by the city authorities, bu