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Como (Tennessee, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
6. Pole-propeller. 7. Rack and pinion propeller. 8. Wave-power propulsion. 9. Oars. 10. Sails. The boats by which the Roman army under Claudius Codex were transported into Sicily were propelled by wheels moved by oxen. The substitution of paddles for oars is mentioned in many old military treatises. Thomas Savery, in England, obtained a patent, in 1696, for a paddle-wheel on each side of a ship, to be turned by means of a capstan. In the Vitruvia de Architectura, folio, Como, 1521, there is an engraving of a large vessel propelled by paddles worked by animal power. A pen-and-ink sketch on an Italian manuscript of the fifteenth century, preserved in the British Museum, shows a vessel propelled by a pair of paddle-wheels on a shaft rotated by gearing and hand-power. From 1619 to 1662, six patents were granted in England for devices purposely described with great looseness, for concealment, but which appear to have been paddle-wheels of some kind. In 1690, Papi
Lenoirs (Tennessee, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
ramming down the blocks, was invented about 1830 by Colonel Macirone, London. A steam paving-machine in use in Paris consists of a small steam-engine on wheels, drawn by one horse, to the rear of which is attached the pavior or vertical rammer, which is forced upon the ground with great force by a blow from the piston. It slides on a bar some six feet long, and can thus be directed by the driver to any stone which requires forcing home. Lignier's machine (French) consists of a small Lenoir steam-engine, to the fly-wheel of which is attached a rammer of steel, smaller and heavier than the wooden one in general use. The operator simply guides the strokes of the machine. Paving-roller. Pav′ing-roll′er. A heated roller for compacting asphalt pavement. In the example, a cresset or firebasket is suspended within the roller in such a way as to preserve its proper position during the rotation of the roller. Pav′ing-tile. A flat brick for paving floors. Such are often<
Hannover (Lower Saxony, Germany) (search for this): chapter 16
ce. The sections folded on each other; the middle one had two waxen surfaces; the outer ones but one each, on the inside. The Latin writing on one set of tablets was still visible, and was a copy of a document whose date determined it to be of A. D. 169. The inscription on the inner tablet was in Greek and nearly illegible. For important purposes, such tablets were carefully inscribed and fastened consecutively by a cord; or for letters, the boards were covered with a linen cloth. In Hanover and Geneva schedules of this kind are yet preserved. Leaves were also very generally employed in the early stages of society, and with some previous preparation are still in common use in the East. In the University of Gottingen is still preserved a Bible containing 5,376 pieces of leaf, formed into 45 sheets. A large number of such books, principally Asiatic, are found in various museums. The Syracusians and Athenians used olive-leaves for writing sentences of banishment upon,--a
Kent (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
n extent as to interfere with the turning of the furrow. Plows. Finlayson's skeleton-plow (c) is adapted for extremely tenacious soils, to lessen the friction of the furrow-slice upon the mold board. It was designed to suit the soil of Kent County, England, and only expose one third the usual surface to friction. Stothard (English) perforates the mold-board to reduce its frictional area in tenacious soils. d is a potato-plow, having a share to pass below the tubers in the hill, and discharged into the receiver, while the pile is forced down by atmospheric pressure. This method was patented by Dr. L. H. Potts in 1843, and through its means piles were secured in the hard bottom of the Goodwin Sands, off the coast of Kent, England, after passing through 75 feet of sand. The pile is filled with concrete, and the inventor also proposed the injection of chemical solutions at its foot to consolidate the sand and form a firmer foundation. b. A caisson with a means of
Liverpool (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
tion; if otherwise, it is gradually forced out of shape so that its surface becomes curved, impairing the tone of the instrument. To remedy this, Mr. Dreaper of Liverpool applied hollow chambers to the back of the sounding board, adjusted to any desired pressure by screws. Piano-Forte actions. M. Pape, for this purpose, plabe it intercepts the carrier. The time when a carrier may be expected to arrive is telegraphed to the receiving station. In the telegraph pneumatic dispatch at Liverpool the messages are placed in little round bags, accurately fitting the tube, and urged forward by compressed air under a pressure of eleven pounds to the square inof the pig-iron, its use was very limited in England until, in 1858, Mr. William Clay introduced the process on a large scale at the Mersey Steel and Iron Works, Liverpool. In Germany, about 100,000 tons of puddled steel are made every year, and it forms the principal material for Krupp's celebrated caststeel. Pud′dler. Mech
Birmingham (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
y Montin, a German snuff-box maker, who is said to have learned the art from Lefevre about 1740. In 1745, the year fatal to Lochiel, it was introduced into Birmingham, England. The commoner varieties are prepared by pulping any kind or mixture of different kinds of paper into a homogeneous mass of a doughy consistence. Some ea This lacked the desired permanency, and was supplanted by the method still generally employed where electro-magnetic agency is not resorted to. As practiced at Birmingham, Sheffield, and other places where work of this description is largely carried on, the process is essentially as follows: An ingot, composed of an alloy of coppy of our driving business men have made prayingmachines for the Oriental market, although castiron gods, bronzed and varnished, have been made by the ton in Birmingham, England, and exported thence to heathen lands. Praying-machines are in vogue in all the lands which acknowledge Thibet as their religious center. This includes
Germany (Germany) (search for this): chapter 16
the decomposition of vegetable matter when the conditions as to temperature and moisture are favorable. The better qualities contain, when dried, from 45 to 50 per cent of carbon, the remainder consisting of water and inorganic substances; about half the water is chemically combined with the peat. It occurs but in small quantities or not at all in countries where the summer heat is so great as to cause rapid decomposition, and is largely found in such countries as Ireland, Holland, and North Germany, where the summer temperature is low and the air generally moist; the deposits frequently forming extensive bogs, called in Scotland and the North of England mosses. In Ireland it is popularly known as turf, and forms a principal source of fuel supply to the inhabitants, being merely cut into blocks which are dried in the air. The peat of Ireland is estimated at 4,000,000,000 tons, and is used for fuel and for the production of naphtha, paraffine, etc. The peat of Holland is d
St. Cloud (Minnesota, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
This was noticed to resemble porcelain, which then was a curiosity and of great value. The material which gave the peculiar character to the compound was ascertained to be a fine white clay, found on the road near Aue, which was excessively tenacious and clammy, but capable when dry of being reduced to a very fine powder, so that it had been used for hair-powder and went by the name of Schnorr's white earth. It proved to be kaolin. The French porcelain works were first established at St. Cloud, in 1695, by Louis XIV.; at Vincennes, 1740; removed to Sevres, 1786. The Meissen, Saxony, porcelain manufactory was established by Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, in 1710. Botticher invented the hard paste in 1706; the red ware like jasper, in 1711: white porcelain, in 1709; the perfect, white kind, in 1715. He died in 1719. Heroldt introduced gilding and painting in 1720; modeled groups, in 1731; porcelain made in England, at Bow, in 1698. Wedgwood ware was first patented, 1762.
Essone (France) (search for this): chapter 16
Robert announced that he had discovered a means of making by machinery paper of large size, even 12 feet wide and 50 feet long; and in the succeeding year the invention was carried into practical effect at the paper-mill of Francois Didot, at Essone, France, in whose employment Robert was at the time. The invention was patented in this year. In 1800, a reward of 8,000 francs was granted by the French government to Robert, and permission was granted him to carry his working model to England, whe originated about this time from the circumstance of an English papermaker's wife having accidentally dropped her blue bag into some pulp in an advanced state of preparation. 1798. Louis Robert, a workman in the establishment of Didot, at Essone, France, announced that he had discovered a way of making sheets of paper of large size by machinery. 1799. Paper in an endless web actually made by Robert. 1800. 8,000 francs awarded by the French government to Robert for his invention, and le
Quincy, Ill. (Illinois, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
drill, pivot-broach, pivot-file. Piv′ot-bolt. （Ordnance.) The axis of horizontal oscillation. A traversing platform passing through the pivot transom and the front sleeper of the platform. Piv′ot-bridge. One form of swing-bridge, which moves on a vertical pivot beneath its midlength. Pivot-bridges. Fig. 3775 shows a number of forms of drawbridges. a is a swinging span made up of panels of trusses. b is a span on the Bollman principle across the Mississippi at Quincy, Illinois. c is a pivot-bridge of the New York Central Railway on the Linville principle. d is a swinging bridge on the Linville principle; it is one span of several across the Missouri River. e is a bridge on the bowstring principle across the Harlem River, New York. Plate XLI. is a view of the Swing Bridge of the Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Cologne Railway, over the Yssel near Westervoort, in Holland. It shows the swinging span, gatekeeper's house, land spans for carrying off water at<
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