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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
fore it was merged into the Greek Empire, which took place when it was conquered by Athens, 440 B. C. A work on iron and steel written in 1550 does not mention any use for cast-iron; castings in bronze and brass had been known and used for certainly forty centuries. The early mode of making cannon was by fitting iron bars together and hooping them, but they were subsequently cast of bronze. British iron was cast by Ralph Page and Peter Baude in Sussex in the year 1543. In 1612, 1613, and 1619, patents were granted in England for the use of coal in iron-casting. The first two were unsuccessful, and the last would appear to have been successful, as it provoked the usual results, — a mob tore down the establishment. The writer does not recollect any account of the tearing down of a shop where a supposed perpetualmotion engine was domiciled. Emmanuel Swedenborg, in his Regnum Subterraneum (1734), credits the English workmen with the first successful casting of iron cannon at vari
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
granted in 1613 to John Ravenson, who also failed, and resigned his patent, which was again and again granted to succeeding inventors and adventurers who believed themselves possessed of the means and knowledge for accomplishing the object. In 1619 the patent came into the hands of Dudley, who at the age of twenty left Oxford University to take charge of his father's furnaces at Pensnet, in Worcestershire, and who succeeded in producing three tons of iron per week in a small blast-furnace byepeated, with the addition of the hot blast, in 1838, 1839, and succeeded in producing about two tons per day. The Pioneer furnace at Pottsville was blown July, 1839. The first iron-works in America were established near Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. In 1622, however, the works were destroyed, and the workmen, with their families, massacred by the Indians. The next attempt was at Lynn, Massachusetts, on the banks of the Saugus, in 1648. The ore used was the bog ore, still plentiful in that
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), N. (search)
r for which he drew pay, pocketing the difference. The origin of newspapers in Europe may be traced to the Notizie Scritte of Venice, written sheets, containing news items, etc., which still maintained their circulation at a comparatively recent period, owing to the restrictions placed on the press in Italy. To Germany and England are due the first printed periodical publications. The first English newspaper authentically known was entitled News out of Holland ; it was established in 1619, and published at irregular intervals. This was succeeded by Certaine News of the present week, the first number of which was issued May 23, 1622, and was followed within the next five years by a number of other regularly published journals. During the period of the Commonwealth and the Restoration their number multiplied, but none appear to have been published oftener than once a week until about the reign of Queen Anne, when the demand for news from the Duke of Marlborough's army led to
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
y treatises. Thomas Savery, in England, obtained a patent, in 1696, for a paddle-wheel on each side of a ship, to be turned by means of a capstan. In the Vitruvia de Architectura, folio, Como, 1521, there is an engraving of a large vessel propelled by paddles worked by animal power. A pen-and-ink sketch on an Italian manuscript of the fifteenth century, preserved in the British Museum, shows a vessel propelled by a pair of paddle-wheels on a shaft rotated by gearing and hand-power. From 1619 to 1662, six patents were granted in England for devices purposely described with great looseness, for concealment, but which appear to have been paddle-wheels of some kind. In 1690, Papin describes oars fixed to an axis, a pinion on the latter being engaged by a rack on the piston-rod. In 1729, Dr. John Allen patented the hydraulic propeller, forcing water through the stern of the ship at a convenient distance under water. In 1737, Jonathan Hulls patented a steamboat propelled by a
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
smelting iron. Failing in his proposed plans, he rendered up his patent in the following year. Successive persons applied for a patent for the same, the government continuing desirous of encouraging the development of home resources. Dudley, in 1619, succeeded in producing three tons of iron per week in a small blast-furnace by the use of coke from pit-coal. The parties who yet possessed plenty of wood, and with whom the production of iron was fast becoming a monopoly, urged the charcoal-burepeated, with the addition of the hot blast, in 1838-39, and succeeded in producing about two tons per day. The Pioneer furnace at Pottsville was blown in July, 1839. The first iron-works in America were established near Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. In 1622, however, the works were destroyed, and the workmen, with their families, massacred by the Indians. The next attempt was at Lynn, Massachusetts, on the banks of the Saugus, in 1648. The ore used was the bog ore, still plentiful in that