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Browsing named entities in Titus Livius (Livy), Ab Urbe Condita, books 21-22 (ed. Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D.).

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194 BC (search for this): book 22, chapter 61
d shown from of old the scantiest consideration for prisoners of war, they were also moved by the greatness of the sum required, not wishing either to exhaust the treasury, on which they had already made a heavy draft to purchase slaves and arm them for service, or to furnish Hannibal with moneyBut the senate could not keep Hannibal from making money out of his prisoners. When the senate would not ransom them, he sold them into slavery, and Polybius (see Livy XXXIV. 1. 6) told how, in 194 B.C., at the request of Flamininus, the Greek states bought up and liberated a great number of Roman prisoners who had been purchased from Hannibal. No less than twelve hundred were freed by the Achaeans alone, at a cost to their state of one hundred talents. Valerius Maximus (v. ii. 6), puts the whole number at two thousand, and doubtless thousands more had died in the course of twenty-two years. —the one thing of which he was rumoured to stand most in need. When the stern reply, that the
195 BC (search for this): book 22, chapter 10
he college, and Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, the Pontifex Maximus, gave his opinion that first of all a popular vote must be taken about the Sacred Spring; for it couldB.C. 217 not be vowed without the authorization of the people. The question was put to them in this form: Do you will and so order that these things be done in the manner following? If the Republic of the Roman People, the Quirites, shall be preserved for the next five yearsThe ver sacrum was not actually celebrated until 195 B.C., and a flaw in the ceremonies necessitated a repetition in the following year (xxxiv. lxiv. 1-3). —as I would wish it preserved —in these wars, to wit, the war of the Roman People with the People of Carthage and the wars with the Gauls on this side of the Alps, let the Roman People, the Quirites, offer up in indefeasible sacrifice to Jupiter what the spring shall have produced of swine, sheep, goats and cattle —which shall not have been consecrated to some other deity —beginning wit
197 BC (search for this): book 22, chapter 33
At about this time a Carthaginian spy who for two years had eluded capture was caught in Rome, and after his hands had been cut off, was allowed to go; and five and twenty slaves were crucified, on the charge of having conspired in the Campus Martius. The informer was rewarded withB.C. 217 freedom and twenty thousand sesterces. Ambassadors were dispatched to Philip,Philip V., with whom the Romans were to fight the first two Macedonian wars of 216-205 B.C. and 200-197 B.C. King of the Macedonians, to demand the person of Demetrius of Pharus,Demetrius of Pharus (an island off the coast of Illyria) had (in 229 B.C.) treacherously surrendered to the Romans the island Corcyra, of which the Illyrian queen Teuta had made him governor. Rewarded for this service with the governorship of a number of islands, he was guilty of plundering Roman allies, and Aemilius Paulus led an expedition against him which resulted (in 219) in his defeat and exile. who, beaten in war, had fled to
205 BC (search for this): book 22, chapter 25
that the master of the horse must answer to him for having fought against his orders. If his authority and strategy should be paramount, he would soon letB.C. 217 people know that with a good commander fortune was of little moment; that mind and reason were in control; and that to have preserved the army in its hour of danger, yet without disgrace,This is possibly a sneer at Scipio, who after the Trebia took refuge with his beaten army behind the walls of Placentia and Cremona. In 205 B.C., Fabius's distrust of the Scipios was to take the form of bitter opposition to the son's project for invading Africa (XXVIII. xl.-xliii. and xxIx. xix.). was more glorious than to have slain many thousands of the enemy. After making several speeches to this purport, yet without effect, and presiding over the election of Marcus Atilius RegulusHe had been consul before, in 227 B.C. to the consulship, that he might not take a personal part in the dispute about the command, on the day prec
205 BC (search for this): book 22, chapter 33
At about this time a Carthaginian spy who for two years had eluded capture was caught in Rome, and after his hands had been cut off, was allowed to go; and five and twenty slaves were crucified, on the charge of having conspired in the Campus Martius. The informer was rewarded withB.C. 217 freedom and twenty thousand sesterces. Ambassadors were dispatched to Philip,Philip V., with whom the Romans were to fight the first two Macedonian wars of 216-205 B.C. and 200-197 B.C. King of the Macedonians, to demand the person of Demetrius of Pharus,Demetrius of Pharus (an island off the coast of Illyria) had (in 229 B.C.) treacherously surrendered to the Romans the island Corcyra, of which the Illyrian queen Teuta had made him governor. Rewarded for this service with the governorship of a number of islands, he was guilty of plundering Roman allies, and Aemilius Paulus led an expedition against him which resulted (in 219) in his defeat and exile. who, beaten in war, had fled to
207 BC (search for this): book 22, chapter 35
ul together with Marcus Livius, and the condemnation of his colleague —from which he had not himself escaped unscathed —had embittered him against the plebs.L. Aemilius Paulus and M. Livius Salinator were consuls in 219 B.C. On the expiration of their term of office, Livius was tried and convicted by the people (XXVII. xxxiv. 3) for peculation in connexion with the war against Demetrius of Pharus (De viris illustr. 50), or unfair division of the spoil (Frontinus, Strategemata,iv. i. 45). In 207 B.C. he and his colleague in the consulship, Gaius Nero, defeated Hasdrubal near Sena Gallica, at the river Metaurus (XXVII. xl.-xlix.). On the next election day all those who had been Varro's rivals withdrew theirB.C. 217 names, the consul was given Paulus, rather as a competent opponent than as a colleague. The election of praetors then took place, and Marcus Pomponius Matho and Publius Furius Philus were chosen. To Philus the lot assigned the urban praetorship, for administering j
210 BC (search for this): book 21, chapter 38
tate —having crossed the Alps in fifteen days. The strength of Hannibal's forces on his entering Italy is a point on which historians are by no means agreed. Those who put the figures highest give him a hundred thousand foot and twenty thousand horse; the lowest estimate is twenty thousand foot and six thousand horse.So Polybius (III. lvi. 4), who says that these numbers were given by Hannibal himself in an inscription at Lacinium. Lucius Cincius Alimentus,Praetor in Sicily, 210 B.C. He and Fabius Pictor were contemporaries and were Livy's oldest sources. who says that he was taken prisoner by Hannibal, would be our weightiest authority, did he not confuse the reckoning by adding in Gauls and Ligurians: including these, he says that Hannibal brought eighty thousand foot and ten thousand horse —but it is more probable, and certain historians so hold, that these people joined his standard in Italy; he says, moreover, that he had learned from Hannibal's own lips th
214 BC (search for this): book 22, chapter 20
ed from the mainland. Here envoys from the Baliaric islands came to Scipio to sue for peace. The fleet now put about and returned to the northern part of the province, and thither flocked ambassadors from all the communities on this side of the Ebro and even from many places in farthest Spain; but the communities that gave hostages and really came under the rule and government of Rome were more than a hundred and twenty. Feeling, therefore, sufficiently strong on land, as well as on the sea, the Roman general advanced as far as the pass of Castulo.Now Cazlona. The pass led through the Sierra Morena, north of the city, which was famous for the silver and lead mines in its neighbourhood. Castulo enjoyed a close alliance with the Carthaginians and one of its daughters became the wife of Hannibal. In 214 B.C. it revolted to the Romans, but by 211 was again in the hands of the Carthaginians (xxiv. xii. 7; xxvi. xx. 6). Hasdrubal retired into Lusitania, nearer the ocean.
216 BC (search for this): book 22, chapter 27
He would therefore follow up his good fortune, if the dictator persisted in that dilatory and inactive course which gods and men had united in condemning. Accordingly, on the day of his first meeting with Quintus Fabius, he said that the very first thing to be settled was the manner in which they should exercise the joint command: he himself thought that the best way would be for each to have supreme command and authority either every other day,So in the campaign of Cannae (216 B.C.), Varro and Paulus commanded on alternate days. In the present instance, however, Polybius III. (ciii. 7) says that it was Fabius who proposed the alternation, and that Minucius preferred that the army be divided. or, if longer periods seemed preferable, for equally apportioned times, to the end that he might be a match for the enemy not only in strategy but in numbers also, if he should meet with a favourable opportunity for fighting. This proposal by no means suited Quintus Fabi
218 BC (search for this): book 22, chapter 22
Such was the position of affairs in Spain when Publius Scipio came into the province.Scipio had been appointed when consul (218 B.C.) to take command of the Roman forces destined for Spain (XXX. lx. 1 and Polyb. III. xcvii. 2). The senate had prolonged his command after the consulship and had sent him out with thirtyPolybius says twenty (ibid.). men-ofwar and eight thousand soldiers and a great convoy of supplies. This fleet, which the number of cargo-vessels swelled to an enormous size, caused great rejoicing amongst the Romans and their allies, when it was made out in the offing and standing in dropped anchor in the harbour of Tarraco. There Scipio disembarked his troops and set out to joinB.C. 217 his brother; and from that time forward they carried on the war with perfect harmony of temper and of purpose. Accordingly, while the Carthaginians were taken up with the Celtiberian campaign, they lost no time in crossing the Ebro, and seeing nothing of any enemy,
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