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79 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
veterans. He was, however, called to account for his receipts from the treasury by the quaestores aerarii for B. C. 81, with what result is unknown. Verres next appears in the suite of Cn. Cornelius Dolabella (No. 6), praetor of Cilicia in B. C. 80-79, and one of the most rapacious and oppressive of the provincial governors. On the death of the regular quaestor C. Malleolus, Verres, who had been Dolabella's legatus, became his pro-quaestor. In Verres Dolabella found an active and unscrupulous agt. 2.4.) Prosecution of Verres by Cicero The trial of Verres was a political as well as a judicial cause. From the tribunate of the Gracchi (B. C. 133-123), when the judicia were transferred to the equites, to the dictatorship of Sulla (B. C. 81-79), who restored them to the senate, there had been an eager contest at Rome for the judicial power. The equites and the senators had proved equally corrupt, and the Marian party, supported by the Italians and the provincials, clamoured loudly for a
78 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
elius Dolabella (No. 6), praetor of Cilicia in B. C. 80-79, and one of the most rapacious and oppressive of the provincial governors. On the death of the regular quaestor C. Malleolus, Verres, who had been Dolabella's legatus, became his pro-quaestor. In Verres Dolabella found an active and unscrupulous agent, and, in return, connived at his excesses. But the proquaestor proved as faithless to Dolabella as he had been to Carbo; turned evidence against him on his prosecution by M. Scaurus in B. C. 78, and by shifting his own crimes to the praetor's account, and stipulating for a pardon for himself, mainly contributed to the verdict against Dolabella. During this pro-quaestorship Verres first acquired or affected a taste for the fine arts. It is not clear, indeed, whether Cicero believed him to possess a genuine relish for the beautiful, or whether he considered the legate's appropriations as a mere brutal lust of pillage, and a means of purchasing the support of the oligarchy at Rome. T
112 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
Verres, C. 2. Son of the preceding, was born about B. C. 112. It is remarkable that the gentile name of the Verres family is nowhere mentioned. In more than one passage of the Verrine orations, Cicero seems on the point of giving their full appellation to the Verres, but always withholds it apparently as notorious. It was probably Cornelius, although there seems to have been some connection also with the Caecilii Metelli. (Verrin. 2.2. 26, 56.) Sulla, or. his return from Greece B. C. 83, created a numerous body of Cornelii by emancipating slaves and filling up vacancies in the senate with aliens and freedmen (Appian, App. BC 1.100); and at the time of the younger Verres's praetorship Cornelius was the most ordinary surname at Rome. (Cic. Corn. p. 450, Orelli.) Now we know of no extraordinary increase of the Gens Caecilia at this period, while the augmentation of the Gens Cornelia is certain. (Comp. Appian, l.c. with Cic. Ver. 3.28, 49.) The connection of the Caecilii Metelli with Ver
81 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
t his new adherent to Beneventum, where he was allowed a share of the confiscated estates, but at the same time narrowly watched by the veterans. He was, however, called to account for his receipts from the treasury by the quaestores aerarii for B. C. 81, with what result is unknown. Verres next appears in the suite of Cn. Cornelius Dolabella (No. 6), praetor of Cilicia in B. C. 80-79, and one of the most rapacious and oppressive of the provincial governors. On the death of the regular quaestor v. Inst. 2.4.) Prosecution of Verres by Cicero The trial of Verres was a political as well as a judicial cause. From the tribunate of the Gracchi (B. C. 133-123), when the judicia were transferred to the equites, to the dictatorship of Sulla (B. C. 81-79), who restored them to the senate, there had been an eager contest at Rome for the judicial power. The equites and the senators had proved equally corrupt, and the Marian party, supported by the Italians and the provincials, clamoured loudly
80 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
lic by embezzling the monies with which as quaestor he was intrusted for the administration of Cisalpine Gaul. Sulla sent his new adherent to Beneventum, where he was allowed a share of the confiscated estates, but at the same time narrowly watched by the veterans. He was, however, called to account for his receipts from the treasury by the quaestores aerarii for B. C. 81, with what result is unknown. Verres next appears in the suite of Cn. Cornelius Dolabella (No. 6), praetor of Cilicia in B. C. 80-79, and one of the most rapacious and oppressive of the provincial governors. On the death of the regular quaestor C. Malleolus, Verres, who had been Dolabella's legatus, became his pro-quaestor. In Verres Dolabella found an active and unscrupulous agent, and, in return, connived at his excesses. But the proquaestor proved as faithless to Dolabella as he had been to Carbo; turned evidence against him on his prosecution by M. Scaurus in B. C. 78, and by shifting his own crimes to the praetor
83 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
Verres, C. 2. Son of the preceding, was born about B. C. 112. It is remarkable that the gentile name of the Verres family is nowhere mentioned. In more than one passage of the Verrine orations, Cicero seems on the point of giving their full appellation to the Verres, but always withholds it apparently as notorious. It was probably Cornelius, although there seems to have been some connection also with the Caecilii Metelli. (Verrin. 2.2. 26, 56.) Sulla, or. his return from Greece B. C. 83, created a numerous body of Cornelii by emancipating slaves and filling up vacancies in the senate with aliens and freedmen (Appian, App. BC 1.100); and at the time of the younger Verres's praetorship Cornelius was the most ordinary surname at Rome. (Cic. Corn. p. 450, Orelli.) Now we know of no extraordinary increase of the Gens Caecilia at this period, while the augmentation of the Gens Cornelia is certain. (Comp. Appian, l.c. with Cic. Ver. 3.28, 49.) The connection of the Caecilii Metelli with Verr
82 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
be inferred from Cicero ( Verrin. 1.1.16), who, while exploring the darkest recesses of the defendant's life, purposely passes over his apprenticeship in crime,--" Omni tempore Sullano ex accusatione circumnscripto"--as common to the times, and not peculiar to the man. For a like reason he excepts from exposure whatever vices and excesses Verres had displayed or committed previous to his holding a public magistracy. Verres was quaestor to Cn. Papirius Carbo (No. 7) in his third consulship B. C. 82. He was therefore at that period of the Marian faction (Schol. Gronov. in Verrin. p. 387, Orelli), which he quitted for that of Sulla, betraying Carbo by desertion, and the republic by embezzling the monies with which as quaestor he was intrusted for the administration of Cisalpine Gaul. Sulla sent his new adherent to Beneventum, where he was allowed a share of the confiscated estates, but at the same time narrowly watched by the veterans. He was, however, called to account for his receipts
123 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
married a sister of a Roman eques, Vettius Chilo (Verrin. 2.3. 71, 72), by whom he had a son, whom, at fifteen years of age, he admitted as the spectator and partner of his vices (lb. 9. 68 ; Pseudo Ascon. in loc.), and a daughter, who was married at the time of her accompanying Verres to Sicily. (Sen. Suas. p. 43, Bip. ed.; Lactant. Div. Inst. 2.4.) Prosecution of Verres by Cicero The trial of Verres was a political as well as a judicial cause. From the tribunate of the Gracchi (B. C. 133-123), when the judicia were transferred to the equites, to the dictatorship of Sulla (B. C. 81-79), who restored them to the senate, there had been an eager contest at Rome for the judicial power. The equites and the senators had proved equally corrupt, and the Marian party, supported by the Italians and the provincials, clamoured loudly for a reform of the courts. Verres was a criminal whose condemnation might justify Sulla's law, whose acquittal would prove the unfitness of the senate for the j
43 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
d enough for a life of opulence, even if he were compelled to disgorge two-thirds of his plunder in stifling inquiry or purchasing an acquittal. The remainder of Verres's life is contained in the history of the Verrine orations, which we shall presently examine. On his condemnation, he retired to Marseilles, retaining so much of his ill-gotten wealth, as to render him careless of public opinion, and so many of his treasures of art, as to cause, eventually, his proscription by M. Antonius in B. C. 43. Before his death, Verres had the consolation of hearing of the murder of his great enemy Cicero, and during his long exile of twenty-seven years, had the satisfaction of witnessing from his retreat the convulsions of the republic, and the calamities of the friends who abandoned, and of the judges who convicted him. Verres married a sister of a Roman eques, Vettius Chilo (Verrin. 2.3. 71, 72), by whom he had a son, whom, at fifteen years of age, he admitted as the spectator and partner of h
73 BC (search for this): entry verres-c-bio-2
aetura Urbana (2.1. 40-60); the introduction to Jurisdictio Siciliensis (2.2. 7ff.) and (2.3) Leges Decumanae Hieronicae. 3. Extortion of money, works of art, &c. (2.1. 17, 34, 2. 6. 22-28); and the oration de Signis generally. 4. Corruption of morals (2.124), and the oration de Suppliciis generally. 5. Negligence in administration (2.5. 23-46), and "Praetura Urbana." Cicero's own division of the impeachment is the following : 1. Preliminary { 1. In Q. Caecilium or Divinatio 2. Proemium -- Actio Prima -- Statement of the Case. These alone were spoken. 2. Orations founded on the Depositions. { 3. Verres's official life to B. C. 73. 4. Jurisdictio Siciliensis. 5. Oratio Frumentaria. 6. ------ De Signis. 7. ------ De Suppliciis. These were circulated as documents or manifestoes of the cause after the flight of Verres. Further Information A good abstract of the Verrine Impeachment is given by Drumnann (Geschichte Roms, vol. v. p. 263-328, Tullii.[W.B.D]
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