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China (China) (search for this): chapter 10
finally, they are made to serve as a Diversion. If the object of an expedition is the conquest of a country, the first thing necessary is to see that its means are sufficient. If acting against an uncivilized nation, which has no regular army, or at least without such armed and disciplined men as our own, the result of such a descent is generally a favorable one. The conquest of India by the English, of Egypt and Algiers by the French, and the expedition by these powers united against China, are examples of this. For descents on islands, we have but to look at English history for examples. James, in his excellent naval history, gives a detailed description of all those made during the wars of the French revolution and empire. On the other hand, expeditions against a civilized country are attended with the greatest difficulties and danger. The English armies in the United States are a proof of this, and the Peninsular war might likewise serve as an example. If we look a
Russian River (Alaska, United States) (search for this): chapter 10
olz. The nine light boats were more quickly lowered than the others; the infantry entered them, but being too heavily loaded, some difficulty arose in pushing them from the bank; therefore some of the men were ordered out. The noise this occasioned, though little, was sufficient to put the Russians on the alert. One of the sentries fired; this was repeated by all the others along the river; and the alarm spread through the whole line from Baden to Zurich, and in a few minutes the entire Russian army was under arms. No time was to be lost; the boats were pushed into the river, manned, and rowed to the other side; and in three minutes from the time the Russian sentry had fired the first shot, 600 French troops had landed in the Glanzenberg, all their batteries had opened fire, and the Russian posts were driven back into the Hardt-holz. The boats empty, they returned to the left bank, and transported more troops to the other side; and, before the bridge was completed, 8000 men
Cairo, Ill. (Illinois, United States) (search for this): chapter 10
In the passage of a river, we distinguish-- 1st. The point where we intend passing it. 2d. The operation of the passage. The first example of strategy, War in the United States, is sufficient to show of what importance is the point of passage over a large river. Different passages of the Potomac, Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri are discussed there; it is shown how different the result would be, if, instead of crossing, for instance, the Mississippi at Memphis, it was crossed at Cairo. If we have but one point where we can cross the river, and if our only line of retreat leads through this point, it must be fortified; the fort, called the tete-de-pont, should be large enough to hold at least a part of our army. The more the bridge is of importance, the stronger the fortifications should be. As regards tactical arrangements for the passage of a river in the presence of an enemy, we may say-- 1st. It is necessary to deceive the enemy concerning the real point
Zurich (Switzerland) (search for this): chapter 10
; but he left General Kutusoff, with 27,000 men, in Zurich and its environs. Suwaroff, coming from Italy, wasamendingen. The headquarters of Kutusoff were in Zurich. Two corps, composed of 5600 men, under General ith his main body to march by Fahr and Hongg toward Zurich, to cut off the retreat of the Russian left wing une alarm spread through the whole line from Baden to Zurich, and in a few minutes the entire Russian army was ul Durasoff, if he should try to pass on the road to Zurich. The remainder, about 14,000 men, were arranged mpetuosity, and had succeeded in driving him toward Zurich. Kutusoff, thinking this was the main attack, caafternoon, when Massena had arrived at the gates of Zurich, and even summoned Kutusoff to surrender, that the nd they forced General Gortschakoff to fall back on Zurich. General Menard's demonstration on the left wingn he discovered his mistake, he endeavored to reach Zurich, and only arrived at a junction with Kutusoff by ma
Lisbon (Portugal) (search for this): chapter 10
ons. As soon as the descent has been made, field-works should be raised to serve as a sort of tete-de-pont. These works should be large enough to hold the greater parts of the troops from the expedition; the depots and magazines should also be established there; they should be situated so as to cover the ships, and enable the troops to re-embark at any moment and in any kind of weather. The fortifications form the base of operation for the landed troops. The position of Wellington near Lisbon, and the fortifications of Torres Vedras to cover it, are a fine example. Fig. 31. The country in this part forms a triangle; on one side is the sea, on the other the Tagus, and the third side formed the fortifications of Torres Vedras, so called from the village of this name. The Tagus was an excellent port for English vessels; and the peninsula which was formed by it and the sea was large enough to hold any army. The most difficult and dangerous part, however, for a corps in an ex
Tarraco (Spain) (search for this): chapter 10
k at English history for examples. James, in his excellent naval history, gives a detailed description of all those made during the wars of the French revolution and empire. On the other hand, expeditions against a civilized country are attended with the greatest difficulties and danger. The English armies in the United States are a proof of this, and the Peninsular war might likewise serve as an example. If we look at Moore's retreat to Corunna in 1809, and at Murray's expedition to Tarragona, we will see all the dangers arising from such enterprises. The English could never have succeeded in conquering the Peninsula, had they not been assisted by the population of the whole country. Expeditions with a restricted object, but still of a certain extent, are scarcely ever attended with the results we anticipate; or, at least, what we obtain by them is seldom an equivalent for the cost. Examples of this are the English expedition to Antwerp in 1809, and the great expedition to
Aach (Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) (search for this): chapter 10
ed to General Gortschakoff. The 5th division, General Lorges, 12,000 men, distributed from Schlieren to Baden. The 6th division, General Menard, 8000 men, at Baden and on the lower banks of the river. The reserve, division of Klein, in the Frickthal. There dispositions for the passage were-- 1st. The division of Loroward Zurich, to cut off the retreat of the Russian left wing under General Gortschakoff. 3d. General Menard, with his remaining troops, was to demonstrate near Baden, and to draw the attention of the 6000 Russians under General Durasoff on him, while the real passage took place at Dietikon. 4th. To prevent General Gortschakto put the Russians on the alert. One of the sentries fired; this was repeated by all the others along the river; and the alarm spread through the whole line from Baden to Zurich, and in a few minutes the entire Russian army was under arms. No time was to be lost; the boats were pushed into the river, manned, and rowed to the o
France (France) (search for this): chapter 10
ained the other side. The passage commenced, but Crequi hesitated to attack. When asked why he did not begin, he replied, that the more that passed, the more would be beaten. At last he attacked; but the enemy had already assembled in such strength that he himself was totally routed. Finally, there is one way more to render a passage ineffectual, which we may follow. It is, to cross the river ourselves as soon as the enemy does. In 1674, Montecuculi crossed the Rhine to make war in France. Turenne, who was opposed to him, instead of defending the French territory, crossed himself this river, and commenced operations in Germany, and by this forced Montecuculi's return. The following example will show in detail how the passage of a river might be conducted:-- Example: passage of the Limmat by Massena, 1799. In 1799, the Archduke Charles, with an Austrian army, was opposed by General Massena; their two armies were separated by the Lake of Zurich, the Limmat, and the Aa
Napoleon (Ohio, United States) (search for this): chapter 10
2 before Napoleon; or in consequence of a preconcerted strategical plan, as in the campaign of the Archduke Charles in 1796; or, in consequence of strategical movements of the enemy, to keep free our lines of communication — the retreat of Moreau in 1796 was such. We may also retreat to gain a favorable position for a battle, as did Napoleon before the battle of Austerlitz; and, finally, to approach nearer our depots and magazines, if we are in a devastated country — such was the reason of Napoleon's retreat in the Russian campaign. The arrangements for a retreating army belong more to logistics than to tactics; and to well understand them, it is necessary first to read the chapter on logistics. I will only give the principal moments, and the rest will be found in the next chapter. So long as a retreating army is not pursued, its march offers nothing particular; but from the moment the enemy is in pursuit, the question changes entirely; and it becomes most difficult after a los
United States (United States) (search for this): chapter 10
sary to say a few words concerning them. Passage of rivers. In the passage of a river, we distinguish-- 1st. The point where we intend passing it. 2d. The operation of the passage. The first example of strategy, War in the United States, is sufficient to show of what importance is the point of passage over a large river. Different passages of the Potomac, Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri are discussed there; it is shown how different the result would be, if, instead of croves a detailed description of all those made during the wars of the French revolution and empire. On the other hand, expeditions against a civilized country are attended with the greatest difficulties and danger. The English armies in the United States are a proof of this, and the Peninsular war might likewise serve as an example. If we look at Moore's retreat to Corunna in 1809, and at Murray's expedition to Tarragona, we will see all the dangers arising from such enterprises. The Englis
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