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1778 AD (search for this): chapter 4
e involves the use of the same steam in two cylinders consecutively; first at a relatively high pressure in a smaller cylinder, and then at a lower pressure in a larger cylinder. Working steam expansively was invented by Watt and introduced in 1778. Hornblower's expansive engine, patented in 1781, had two cylinders, of different sizes, their respective piston-rods being connected to the working-beam. An amount of steam of the capacity of the smaller cylinder was expended at each stroke, radually improved. It is estimated by the number of pounds raised one foot high by a bushel of Welsh coals, 94 pounds. Pounds, 1 foot high. In 1769, the Newcomen engine5,500,000 In 1772, the Newcomen engine, improved by Smeaton9,500,000. In 1778 to 1815, the Watt engine20,000,000 In 1820, the improved Cornish engine, average duty28,000,000 In 1826, the improved Cornish engine, average duty30,000,000 Pounds, 1 foot high. In 1827, the improved Cornish engine, average duty32,000,000
1772 AD (search for this): chapter 4
-cut diamond of 139 1/2 carats. Sir Isaac Newton suggested that the diamond is combustible, but the first to establish the fact were the Florentine Academicians, in 1694; they succeeded in burning it in the focus of a large lens. Lavoisier, in 1772, examined the results of combustion, which showed it to be pure crystalline form of carbon. The uses of the diamond include the following:— Abradant for various purposes, in wheels, laps, and slicers. Stone drilling and sawing. See carboy report is made out. The duty of these engines has been gradually improved. It is estimated by the number of pounds raised one foot high by a bushel of Welsh coals, 94 pounds. Pounds, 1 foot high. In 1769, the Newcomen engine5,500,000 In 1772, the Newcomen engine, improved by Smeaton9,500,000. In 1778 to 1815, the Watt engine20,000,000 In 1820, the improved Cornish engine, average duty28,000,000 In 1826, the improved Cornish engine, average duty30,000,000 Pounds, 1 foot high.
May 24th, 1662 AD (search for this): chapter 4
f the Hebrews. It is frequently mentioned in Scripture. The modern dulcimer consists of a box with a cover which forms a sounding-board, and has a number of wire strings stretched over a bridge at each end. It is played by elastic rods with pellets of cork at the ends. The number of strings is usually about fifty. Here [at the puppet play in Covent Garden], among the fiddlers, I first saw a dulcimere played on with sticks knocking of the strings, and is very pretty. — Pepys's Diary, May 24, 1662. The Javanese gambang has wooden and brass bars of different lengths placed crosswise over a wooden trough. They are struck by small sticks with a ball of pith at the end. — Bickmore's Travels in the Indian Archipelago. Du′ledge. The dowel-pins of the fellies of a gun-carriage wheel. Dum. （Mining.) A frame of wood like the jambs of a door, set in loose ground in adits and places that are weak and liable to fall in or tumble down. Dumb-bell. An exercising weight co
1532 AD (search for this): chapter 4
of John Williams, 1692, is for an engine for carrying four men 15 fathoms or more under water in the sea, whereby they may work twelve hours together without any danger. It is stated to be useful in raising sunken vessels. It had a submerged chamber, communicating with the surface by a rigid tube, up and down which persons might pass. Projecting sleeves and hooks afforded means for directing grapnels to sunken property. Beckmann mentions a print in Vegetius on War, published in 1511 and 1532, representing a diver with his cap, from which rises a long leather pipe provided with an opening above the surface of the water. Lorini on Fortification, 1607, shows a square box, bound with iron, furnished with windows and a seat for the diver. Kessler in 1617, Witsen in 1671, and Borelli in 1679, gave attention to the subject and contributed to the efficiency of the apparatus. A diving-bell company was formed in England in 1688, and the operators made some sucessful descents on the co
1774 AD (search for this): chapter 4
. This also allowed the bell to be completely filled with air, rendering the whole of its interior space available. Halley also invented a waterproof cap to which pipes leading to the bell were attached, so that an operator could leave the bell and walk on the bottom outside, being supplied with air by the pipe. This resembled in some respects the modern submarine armor, helmet, and diving-dress, which had been in occasional use since early in the sixteenth century (ut supra). Spalding, in 1774, made farther improvements by suspending a balance-weight from the bell that on striking bottom took off the weight of the bell, which with its included air, being too light to sink, was more readily raised or lowered by the admission of air or water into an upper compartment, placing it completely under the control of those within it. For this the British Government decreed him a reward. The celebrated engineer Smeaton, about the year 1779, first used it for engineering purposes, and in 178
1120 BC (search for this): chapter 4
had each two leaves. The two leaves of the one door were folding, and the two leaves of the other door were folding. It is not easy to find in any other very ancient author so clear a description of the proportions and construction of a building as is found in 1 Kings, VI. A pair of doors have figured somewhat largely in the history of East Indian conquest. It is seldom that so much fuss has been made about a pair of doors since Samson took those of Gaza from their hinges, about 1120 B. C., and carried them to the top of a hill before Hebron. He took them bar and all, not condescending to unlock them, but tearing them from their foundations. The doors of the Temple of Siva, at Somnauth, a town of Guzerat, in Hindostan, were of sandal-wood, elaborately carved in correspondence with the other portions of the temple, which was an oblong hall 96 × 68 feet, crowned by a dome. When Mahmoud, of Ghizni, at the head of his Mohammedan hordes, invaded India (A. D. 1004), on a mixe
1785 AD (search for this): chapter 4
tormy weather, to defend the glass against the blows of the waves. Dead-lock. （Locksmithing.) A lock operated on one side by a handle and on the other side by a key. Dead Met′al. Metal, such as gold or silver, left with dead or lusterless, that is, unburnished or unpolished, surface. Matt. Dead-plate. （Furnace.) An ungrated portion of a furnace floor, on which coal is ccked previously to pushing into the fire above the grates. It was introduced by Watt in his patent of 1785. Dead-point. One of the points at which the crank assumes a position in line with the pitman or the rod which impels it. In steam-engines with vertical cylinders, the dead-points are the highest and lowest positions of the crank. A dead-center. Dead-ris′ing. The portion of the ship's bottom formed by the floor timbers. Deads. （Mining.) Non-metalliferous rock excavated around a vein or in forming drifts, levels, shafts, cross-courses, etc. Many veins are too narrow for
1779 AD (search for this): chapter 4
y in the sixteenth century (ut supra). Spalding, in 1774, made farther improvements by suspending a balance-weight from the bell that on striking bottom took off the weight of the bell, which with its included air, being too light to sink, was more readily raised or lowered by the admission of air or water into an upper compartment, placing it completely under the control of those within it. For this the British Government decreed him a reward. The celebrated engineer Smeaton, about the year 1779, first used it for engineering purposes, and in 1788, having to prepare the foundation for the pier in Ramsgate Harbor, he contrived a bell by which the work was very greatly facilitated. This consisted of a nearly conical box of cast-iron, of great weight and solidity, capable of containing 50 cubic feet of air, or sufficient for two persons one hour; this was constantly charged by means of a pipe leading to a force-pump above. The diving-bell has been subsequently applied with great succe
1781 AD (search for this): chapter 4
Hornblower, in which two piston-rods were connected to the same arm of the walking-beam, but at different distances from its center of oscillation. As usually understood, the double-cylinder engine involves the use of the same steam in two cylinders consecutively; first at a relatively high pressure in a smaller cylinder, and then at a lower pressure in a larger cylinder. Working steam expansively was invented by Watt and introduced in 1778. Hornblower's expansive engine, patented in 1781, had two cylinders, of different sizes, their respective piston-rods being connected to the working-beam. An amount of steam of the capacity of the smaller cylinder was expended at each stroke, the upper part of the said cylinder receiving live steam from the boiler, and the lower part communicating with the space above the piston of the larger cylinder, where it was used expansively. Hornblower's engine occupies one notable point in the history of the steam-engine, but was not adopted to
1996 AD (search for this): chapter 4
ement of the loom, which brought up certain of the colors and depressed others, according to the requirements of the pattern. We read of similar goods in the year 1305 B. C., when Deborah celebrated the victory over Sisera: — Divers colors of needlework on both sides, meet for the necks of them that take the spoil. The events of the bloody battle of Mt. Tabor took place but four days march from Damascus, and it is probable that this ancient city was, as early as the times of Abraham (1996 – 1822 B. C.), the workshop of articles in metal, silk, wool, and flax, as well as the depot of an extensive trade between the Orientals on the east and the Phoenicians, the carriers of antiquity, on the west. Abraham's steward was a man of Damascus, and, in default of issue, would have been heir to his property. Through all the uproar of antiquity Damascus has maintained a prominent position, being geographically well situated and rich in the great necessity of a warm climate, water.
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