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December (search for this): chapter 13
the trade of the north. Denmark, he said, would no doubt subscribe to the plan, and the commerce of the three countries, now so interrupted, would no longer be molested. The summons was heard willingly by Panin, who, on one of the last days of December, spoke to the British minister very plainly: Denmark, Sweden, and Holland have respectively solicited the empress to join with them in a representation to you on this subject; and she cannot see with indifference the commerce of the north so muc neither the independence nor the flag of America, its vessels could not be suffered to bring their prizes into Danish harbors. The two which had been brought into Bergen were set free; but, to avoid continual reclamations, two others, which in December were taken to Christiansand, were only forced to leave the harbor. Bismarck to Frederic, 6 and 23 Oct., 6 Nov., and 8 Dec., 1779. Wrapt up in the belief that he had brought the empress to the verge of standing forth as the professed frien
November 22nd, 1778 AD (search for this): chapter 13
states-general asserted their right to the commercial freedom guaranteed by the law of nations and by treaties; and yet of their own choice voted to withhold convoys where the use of them would involve a conflict with Great Britain. During the summer the flag of Denmark, of Sweden, of Prussia, had been disregarded by British privateers, and they severally demanded of England explanations. Vergennes seized the opportunity to fix the attention of Count Panin. Vergennes to Corberon, 22 Nov., 1778, and 6 Dec., 1778. The empress, so he wrote towards the end of the year to the French minister in Russia, will give a great proof of her dignity and equity, if she will make common Chap. XII.} 1778. cause with Sweden, Denmark, Holland, and the king of Prussia. She would render to Europe a great service if she would bring the king of England to juster principles on the freedom of navigation of neutral ships. Holland arms its vessels to convoy its merchant fleet; Denmark announces that
March 3rd, 1780 AD (search for this): chapter 13
ything will now depend on the reply of the court of Spain. At so important a moment your Majesty has the right to speak to it with frankness. Goertz to Frederic, 29 Feb., 1780. There March. will result from the intrigue a matter, the execution of which no power has thus far been able to permit itself to think of. All have believed it necessary to establish and to fix a public law for neutral powers in a maritime war; the moment has come for attaining that end. Goertz to Frederic, 3 March, 1780. These letters reached Frederic by express; and on the fourteenth of March, by the swiftest messenger, he instructed his minister at Paris as follows: Immediately on receiving the present order, you will demand a particular audience of the ministry at Versailles, and you will say that in my opinion everything depends on procuring for Russia without the least loss of time the satisfaction she exacts, and which Spain can the less refuse, because it has plainly acted with too much preci
September 24th, 1779 AD (search for this): chapter 13
very able envoy of Frederic at Petersburg, Panin unfolded his innermost thoughts. The British minister, said he, as he makes no impression on me by sounding the tocsin, applies to others less well informed; but be not disquieted; in spite of the brilliant appearances of others, I answer for my ability to sustain my system. The powers ought not to suffer England to be crushed; but she is very far from that; and there would be no harm in her meeting with some loss. Goertz to Frederic, 24 Sept., 1779. Such was the opinion of Frederic, who had just written: The balance of power in Europe will not be disturbed by England's losing possessions here and there in other parts of the world. Frederic to Solms, 14 Aug., 1779. During the whole of the year 1779, the Nether- Chap. XII.} 1779. lands continued to suffer from the conflicting aggressions of France and Great Britain. The former sought to influence the states-general by confining its concession of commercial advantages in Fren
November (search for this): chapter 13
belief that he had brought the empress to the verge of standing forth as the professed friend of Great Britain, Harris thought he had only to meet her objection of his having acted without instructions; and, at his instance, George the Third, in November, by an autograph letter, entreated her armed mediation against the house of Nov. Bourbon. I admire, so he addressed her, the grandeur of your talents, the nobleness of your sentiments, and the extent of your intelligence. The employ, the mereNov. Bourbon. I admire, so he addressed her, the grandeur of your talents, the nobleness of your sentiments, and the extent of your intelligence. The employ, the mere show of naval force could break up the league formed against me, and maintain the balance of power which this league seeks to destroy. Malmesbury, i. 228. The letter was accompanied by a writing from Harris, in which he was lavish of flattery; and he offered, unconditionally, an alliance with Great Britain, including even a guarantee against the Ottoman Porte. Goertz to Frederic, 14 Dec., 1779. The answer was prepared by Panin without delay. The empress loves peace, and therefore re
October (search for this): chapter 13
ain, the offer made in April by Franklin, Arthur Lee, and John Adams, to negotiate a treaty of commerce between America and the Netherlands, together with a copy of the commercial treaty between the United States and France, was, near the end of October, communicated to the states-general. They Oct. promptly consigned the whole matter to rest in the manner which the stadholder had concerted, and which met exactly the hope of the British secretary of state. Private letter of the Prince of OOct. promptly consigned the whole matter to rest in the manner which the stadholder had concerted, and which met exactly the hope of the British secretary of state. Private letter of the Prince of Orange to Yorke, 27 Oct., 1778; Secrete Resolutie van de Staten Generaal der Vereenigde Neder landen, 28 Oct., 1778; Yorke to Suffolk, 30 Oct., 1778. During the summer of 1778, British cruisers and Chap. XII.} 1778. privateers, swept on by the greed which masters the mind of those whose only object is spoil, scoured the seas in quest of booty. Other nations suffered, but none like the Netherlands. To the complaints of the Dutch that the clearest language of treaties was disregarded, the Ea
1779 AD (search for this): chapter 13
merce before the end of 1778. But her plan for 1779 did not equal the grandeur of her con- 1779. ce. To this Potemkin objected that Chap. XII.} 1779. both the Russian ministers who would be concer14 Aug., 1779. During the whole of the year 1779, the Nether- Chap. XII.} 1779. lands continuedconcede that the case provided for Chap. XII.} 1779. by treaty had arisen, and denied the right of t in the first watch of the night, Chap. XII.} 1779. the Serapis struck its flag. Jones raised histhe defence of neutral rights; and the Russian 1779. envoy at London, no less than the envoys of Swnever be interrupted by vessels of Chap. XII.} 1779. Great Britain. Malmesbury, i. 233. To the end of 1779 the spirit of moderation prevailed in the councils of the Netherlands. Even the provon the Netherlands tended to rouse Chap. XII.} 1779. and unite all parties and all provinces. Evere highest bidder. In the last part of the year 1779, the order was applied to the Concordia, a Russ[5 more...]
September (search for this): chapter 13
rica should be recognised by the English. Declaration of van Berckel, 23 Sept., 1778, in Dip. Cor., i. 457. To get rid of everything of which England could Sept. complain, the offer made in April by Franklin, Arthur Lee, and John Adams, to negotiate a treaty of commerce between America and the Netherlands, together with a cthe Alliance; and four days before the end of the year Paul Jones, with his Eng- Dec. 27. lish captures, left the Texel. An American frigate, near the end of September, had entered the port of Bergen with two rich prizes. Sept. Yielding to the British envoy at Copenhagen, Bernstorff, the Danish minister, seized the occasion toSept. Yielding to the British envoy at Copenhagen, Bernstorff, the Danish minister, seized the occasion to publish an ordinance forbidding the sale of prizes, until they should have been condemned in a court Chap. XII.} 1779. of admiralty of the nation of the privateer; and he slipped into the ordinance the declaration, that, as the king of Denmark had recognised neither the independence nor the flag of America, its vessels could not
1780 AD (search for this): chapter 13
Chapter 12: The armed neutrality. 1778-1780. The immunity of neutral flags is unknown toy-seven European treaties made between 1745 and 1780, but two have been found which contain conditionsolation. What can have operated so singular 1780. a revolution? demanded he, with eagerness andants, Harris, in January, 1780, gave a written 1780. promise, that the navigation of the subjects oand bound with corn to Malaga, had Chap. XII.} 1780. been brought into Cadiz, its cargo disposed ofeat advantage England would derive Chap. XII.} 1780. from the step, rejoined: I am just come from tis court. I had thought Sir James Chap. XII.} 1780. Harris understood his business; but he acts liid, with the instruction: I should Chap. XII.} 1780. March. wrong your penetration and the sagacitixed principles are: Neutral ships Chap. XII.} 1780. shall enjoy a free navigation even from port ts of war, all neutral nations will Chap. XII.} 1780. be allowed, by universal consent, to carry wha[1 more...]
July (search for this): chapter 13
ts; and the most pleasing historical recollections of the Dutch people were revived by the rise of the new republic. In July, the king of France published a declaration protecting neutral ships, though bound to or from hostile ports, and though caary prosperity of the Russians confirmed them in their notions of their own greatness and power. When, in the middle of July, Harris presented the Spanish declaration of war against England to Count Panin, he replied ministerially: Great Britain heier to Frederic, 10 Aug., 1779. Great Britain next adopted another measure for which she had some better support. In July she demanded of the states-general the succor stipulated in the treaties of 1678 and the separate article of 1716, and argnine or ten American merchant vessels had entered the port of Amsterdam, a new cause of irritation arose. Near the end of July, Paul Jones, a Scot by birth in the service of the United States, sailed from l'orient as commander of a squadron consisti
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