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ene of the most exciting discussions. All these assemblies imparted a feverish activity to political life during the month of January, and distinctly demonstrated the position of the different parties that were contending for the possession of the Republic. The word of command issued by the committee at Washington was promptly obeyed. Secession was proclaimed by the several conventions—in Mississippi on the 9th of January, in Florida on the 10th, in Alabama on the 11th, in Georgia on the 19th, and in Louisiana on the 26th. The secession intriguers had not achieved such an easy success in Texas, where they encountered a strong opposition on the part of the men who surrounded Governor Houston, the real founder of that State. Nevertheless, even there, their machinations succeeded in the end, thanks to a formidable association which inspired and directed them. The Knights of the Golden Circle constituted throughout the South a vast secret society, whose object was to extend the con
f Louisiana, and on the following day they took possession of the arsenal at Baton Rouge. On the 18th, in order to close the Upper Mississippi against any possible attacks from the north, the secederng the capture of Washington, where their accomplices were expecting them. On the morning of the 18th, a portion of them were on their march, in the hope of seizing the prey which was to be of so muc the passes, in order to blockade the Federal vessels, had commenced on the 14th of April; on the 18th, the day of the attempt against Harper's Ferry, the railroad cars brought a number of Virginia miouri. Lyon pursues them on board his vessels, reaches the positions occupied by the enemy on the 18th, lands his soldiers, and vigorously leads them to the attack; after a short engagement he throws . Obeying this untimely order with regret, Patterson was obliged to recross the Potomac on the 18th, and to fall back upon Maryland, by way of Williamsport, with about ten thousand men scarcely arm
March 21st (search for this): chapter 4
the other States were not afraid of consulting the voters, for their vote could no longer influence the march of events. Thus it was that in the course of the month all the States ratified the new Constitution. Having no further occasion for using any precaution towards the North, the political leaders of the South loudly proclaimed their views on the subject of slavery, and in an address which has become celebrated, delivered by the Vice President of the Confederacy at Savannah on the 21st of March, he explained this impious doctrine without any circumlocution, showing that slavery ought to be the corner-stone of new communities; that slavery, founded on the inequality of races, was, in his opinion, in harmony with modern science, as also with biblical tradition; and that in re-establishing it in a formal manner, the founders of the Constitution at Montgomery had achieved, if we are to believe Mr. Stephens, a revolution fruitful of beneficial results for the future of civilization
nd waters. The Federal government had neglected to adopt the necessary precautions for the protection of those establishments against any sudden attack, or at least for saving the valuable materials they contained. It only thought of this on the 17th, when it was already too late to take any effective measures. The workshops and arsenal of Harper's Ferry, situated at the confluence of the Potomac and the Shenandoah, on a spot which was destined to play an important part during the war, were oded in keeping the enemy in check and in maintaining his position. In the vicinity of Washington, the two armies watched each other at a distance so effectively that during the whole month of June, they only once exchanged musket-shots. On the 17th, an Ohio regiment, commanded by Colonel McCook, who subsequently became a Federal general, was making a reconnaissance in the direction of the village of Vienna, but instead of scouting the road, the whole regiment got into open cars and started f
sense of his public duties. On the 8th of January he sent a message to Congress in which he announced his firm determination to perform them. A few days before—the 5th of January—he resolved to revictual Fort Sumter. But instead of openly sending some vessels of war, he had despatched a simple transport-ship, which, as we have stated, was stopped by a few cannon-shots at the entrance of the bay of Charleston. Always tardy in his action, on the 18th he dismissed General Twiggs, who, on the 16th, had surrendered the troops under his command to the insurgents of Texas; and on the 22d he caused the seizure of a cargo of arms in New York, intended for the militia of the South, which had already received vast supplies through the same channel. Such was the situation at the beginning of February. In response to an invitation from Virginia, a Peace Congress composed of official delegates from twenty-one States assembled at Washington on the 4th, under the direction of a former Presiden
oth sides of the bay of Charleston in support of this demand. The border States, Virginia in particular, true to the principles of State sovereignty, also strenuously insisted upon the surrender of the fort by the Federal government. At the North, the peace-at-any-price party —those who dreaded war more than humiliating concessions— boisterously sustained these demands. In short, the military authorities having been informed by Major Anderson that he should be obliged to capitulate on the 15th, for want of provisions, and not thinking it possible to revictual him in time, advised him to abandon the place of his own accord. Fortunately for the honor of the Federal government, there was one man who believed it possible, by the force of energy, to overcome these difficulties. Mr. Fox, who was Assistant Secretary of the Navy during the entire period of the war, possessed that peculiar kind of activity and intelligence which rises superior to all obstacles, and can turn the least reso
Butler, who had remained at Annapolis Junction, determined, with the forces at his disposal, to reinstate the Federal authority in that city, and on the 5th of May he took possession of the Relay House, another important railway junction, which was only a few leagues distant from the first. On the 9th, Colonel Patterson joined him with some Pennsylvania volunteers, after passing rapidly through Baltimore, that city being too much astonished at such a daring act to oppose his course. On the 14th, Butler made a feint to the westward, and, while General Scott was preparing the plan of a regular campaign for the purpose of capturing the rebel city, he suddenly, after a night's march, took possession of the heights surrounding it without a fight. Baltimore was at his mercy; on the same day he entered the city with his troops, reopened the direct line of railway which traversed it, and compelled the leaders of the secession party, who had held control of it during four weeks, to submit.
e Mount Vernon arsenal, and, without striking a blow, walked into Forts Morgan and Gaines, which their respective garrisons surrendered to them; on the same day, the Georgians took possession of Forts Pulaski and Jackson, and on the 6th the arsenals of Fayetteville and Chattahoochee fell into the hands of the authorities of North Carolina and Florida. A few militia troops of the latter State assembled at Pensacola; the commandant of the arsenal allowed himself to be captured by them on the 12th, but an energetic officer, Lieutenant Slemmer, was in command of Forts McRae and Pickens. Not being able to defend both with a handful of men, he followed the example of Anderson, eluded the vigilance of the enemy who was watching him, and abandoned the first to retire into the second, which was thus wrested for ever from the hands of the Confederates. On the same day Forts Jackson and St. Philip on the Mississippi were delivered up to the authorities of Louisiana, and on the following day
tle the Southern leaders thought of State sovereignty as soon as they had organized their new Confederacy; but at the time of which we speak this fatal doctrine had taken a strong hold of the public mind in all the slave States, and it dragged the most loyal citizens into the rebellion, as soon as the usurping legislatures had declared in favor of separation. The various parties went to work early in the spring of 1860 to prepare for the Presidential elections which were to take place in November. On the 23d of April all the delegates of the Democratic party met in convention at Charleston. The drawing up of a programme or platform—to use the popular term—was the first task of those preliminary assemblies, after which, the choice of candidates destined to carry out that programme was more easy and had a more definite meaning; for the Americans have acquired the habit in political life of attaching more importance to principles than to persons. The Democratic party in the free Sta
s continued to be the scene of the most exciting discussions. All these assemblies imparted a feverish activity to political life during the month of January, and distinctly demonstrated the position of the different parties that were contending for the possession of the Republic. The word of command issued by the committee at Washington was promptly obeyed. Secession was proclaimed by the several conventions—in Mississippi on the 9th of January, in Florida on the 10th, in Alabama on the 11th, in Georgia on the 19th, and in Louisiana on the 26th. The secession intriguers had not achieved such an easy success in Texas, where they encountered a strong opposition on the part of the men who surrounded Governor Houston, the real founder of that State. Nevertheless, even there, their machinations succeeded in the end, thanks to a formidable association which inspired and directed them. The Knights of the Golden Circle constituted throughout the South a vast secret society, whose obje
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