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November, 1866 AD (search for this): chapter 12
s of the first series are of wrought-iron, forged tapering; those above are of hollow cast-iron, each series successively decreasing in diameter. The lantern is supported on a cylinder of boiler-iron resting on a platform at the top of the columns. Lighthouse at Trinity shoals. The following is a list of the electric lights in England and France, with the dates at which they were erected: Dungeness, January, 1862; Cape La Heve, France, South Light, December, 1863, North Light, November, 1866; Cape Grisnez, France, February, 1869; Souter Point, England, January, 1871; South Foreland, England, with two lights, January, 1872, in the first place in 1858 – 60 by Professor Holmes, and afterward England took the lead in this matter of the adaptation of electric illumination to lighthouse purposes. The Bishop rock light, Scilly Islands, the old Cassiterides of Herodotus, 145 feet high, cost £ 36,559. In the British Isles there are 357 shore lights and 47 floating lights. The Frenc
1542 AD (search for this): chapter 12
0 miles in width. The Euphrates, from Mount Ararat, rises 12 feet between March and June, and covers the Babylonian plains. The Mississippi rises with the melting of the snows, its various tributaries, the Missouri, Ohio, Arkansas, and Red rivers, turning in their supplies from the elevated interior regions. At a distance from the ocean its rise is 50 feet, while nearer the sea its rise is considerably reduced by the vast tract which it covers. The Mississippi was discovered by De Soto, 1542, and explored at its upper end by Father Marquette and M. Joliet about 1672. M. La Salle traversed its whole length in 1677, and De Iberville was the first to enter it from the sea. The dikes of Holland are marvelous, and are referred to under dike, draining (which see). The Haarlem Lake is one of the latest recoveries from the sea. It was 15 miles long and 7 broad, and was drained by embanking and pumping, the work being completed in 1852. Three steam-engines were employed for several y
1539 AD (search for this): chapter 12
pipes were used in England as early as A. D. 1236, and Henry III., about 1270, granted the citizens of London the liberty to convey water from the town of Tyburn to the city, by pipes made of lead. A leaden cistern, built round with stone, was erected in 1285. The length of lead-pipe then laid down, from Paddington to the Cross in Cheapside, was 1,096 rods. Cisterns and supply-pipes of lead were numerous in the fifteenth century. The art of casting them was invented by Rev. Robert Brooke, 1539. In 1582, the water-works of London Bridge were established by Peter Morice, and the water distributed by lead-pipes to certain parts of the city. In 1613, the New River, an open aqueduct 40 miles long, and having a fall of 3 inches to the mile, was finished by Sir Hugh Middleton, and the water was distributed by wooden mains and leaden branches. In 1804, cast-iron pipes were substituted for the wooden mains. Lead-pipe is made by casting, drawing, pressing, and rolling. It may be
January, 1850 AD (search for this): chapter 12
sel. The cord, being caught by those on board, is made the means for sending ashore a hawser or larger cord on which the life-car may be suspended. Francis's life-car and ball with claws. The passengers, to the number of 3 or 4 at a time, are inclosed in the car, and the trips are made by hauling on a rope attached to the car and grasped by parties on board and ashore. One of these cars was the means of saving 200 passengers from the Ayrshire, which went ashore at Long Branch, January, 1850. Life-guard. （Locomotive-engine.) Safeguard, rail-guard, sweeper. The device embracing the brooms fixed in front of a locomotive for clearing small obstructions from the track. Life-line. （Nautical.) a. A line stretched above a yard to enable seamen to stand thereon in manning yards. b. A line stretched from object to object on deck, for the men to grasp in bad weather and heavy sea. c. A line attached at one end to a life-buoy and floating loosely, to assist a pe
February 17th, 1874 AD (search for this): chapter 12
composition, of rendering soluble the oxides of manganese. The salt commonly used in the exciting liquid is muriate of ammonia. The battery-cup is hermetically sealed for convenience of transportation. Patented August 23, 1867. Reissued February 17, 1874. 2. A plate of copper with wire attached is covered in the jar with powdered carbonate of copper; over this is placed a stratum of sand, in which is imbedded the zinc with wire attached. The whole is then saturated with a solution of chlorohydrate of ammonia. June 5, 1866. Reissued February 17, 1874. Lec′tern. （Architecture.) The reader's desk in a church. Ledge. 1. (Architecture.) A small molding, as the Doric drop-ledge. 2. (Joinery.) a. A piece against which something rests; as the batten on the back of a door, the fillet against which a door closes, etc. b. A shelf. 3. (Mining.) A stratum of metal-bearing rock. 4. (Shipbuilding.) A thwart-ship piece in the deck-framing. See shelf-piece
1813 AD (search for this): chapter 12
30 tons weight 3 3/4 miles per hour. In 1812, Blackett made a series of experiments which proved that the expedient of a pinion and rack-rail was unnecessary; and Chapman patented a A, Blenkinsop's locomotive (1811). B, Hedley's locomotive (1813）> locomotive with eight wheels driven by gearing, for the purpose of increasing the tractive adhesion. In the same year, Brunton invented a means of driving a locomotive by two propellers consisting of jointed rods intended to imitate the action of the hind legs of a horse. Analogous contrivances were adopted by Gordon and Gurney. In the spring of 1813, William Hedley built a locomotive with four smooth drive-wheels, to run on a smooth rail. The machine failed to accomplish much, on account of its small boiler. Hedley thereupon the same year built another engine (shown at B, Fig. 2984), having a return-flue boiler, and mounted on eight driving-wheels, which were coupled together by intermediate gear-wheels on the axles, and all pr
1812 AD (search for this): chapter 12
n of the femoral artery was first performed by Hunter, about 1785. That of the external iliac by Abernethy, 1796. The internal iliac by Alexander Stevens, in 1812. The common iliac successfully by Dr. Valentine Mott, in 1827. The common carotid by Sir Astley Cooper (successfully), in 1808. The innominata by Mott in arly times the light was a fire of burning wood. Such were the lights of the famous Pharos of Alexandria, and the Tour de Corduan at the mouth of the Garonne. In 1812, the Lizard Point light, Cornwall, England, was maintained with coal fires. The same may be said of the Isle of May light, Frith of Forth, Scotland, in 1816. This and Middletown, 3 1/2 miles distant, and perhaps was the first successful locomotive in regular use. It drew trains of 30 tons weight 3 3/4 miles per hour. In 1812, Blackett made a series of experiments which proved that the expedient of a pinion and rack-rail was unnecessary; and Chapman patented a A, Blenkinsop's locomo
1811 AD (search for this): chapter 12
f five miles per hour. Vivian was associated with Trevethick in the patent. It was high-pressure, non-condensing, and exhausted into the chimney. It may be considered the first locomotive to run on rails or trams. Blenkinsop's locomotive, in 1811, gave still better satisfaction to its owners, and it was usefully employed at the Middleton Colliery in hauling coals on a tramway, the engine having spur-wheels working into a rack on one side of the track. The engine (A, Fig. 2984) was otherwiregular use. It drew trains of 30 tons weight 3 3/4 miles per hour. In 1812, Blackett made a series of experiments which proved that the expedient of a pinion and rack-rail was unnecessary; and Chapman patented a A, Blenkinsop's locomotive (1811). B, Hedley's locomotive (1813）> locomotive with eight wheels driven by gearing, for the purpose of increasing the tractive adhesion. In the same year, Brunton invented a means of driving a locomotive by two propellers consisting of jointed rods
1285 AD (search for this): chapter 12
he edge of the river at Cordova, caused water to be brought from the mountains in tubes of lead, and gave orders for the building and erection of numerous fountains in different quarters of the city, with baths of marble. — Conde. Leaden pipes were used in England as early as A. D. 1236, and Henry III., about 1270, granted the citizens of London the liberty to convey water from the town of Tyburn to the city, by pipes made of lead. A leaden cistern, built round with stone, was erected in 1285. The length of lead-pipe then laid down, from Paddington to the Cross in Cheapside, was 1,096 rods. Cisterns and supply-pipes of lead were numerous in the fifteenth century. The art of casting them was invented by Rev. Robert Brooke, 1539. In 1582, the water-works of London Bridge were established by Peter Morice, and the water distributed by lead-pipes to certain parts of the city. In 1613, the New River, an open aqueduct 40 miles long, and having a fall of 3 inches to the mile, was
357 BC (search for this): chapter 12
-tome. （Surgical.) A bistoury or scalpel for making the incision in lithotomy. This knife is of various sizes and shapes, blunt, probe, or sharp pointed. It is inserted through the groove of the lithotomy-staff, through a small opening previously made in the urethra, and carried along into the bladder, making an opening just large enough to allow the extraction of the stone by means of the forceps. The gorget, bisector, and bistouri cache are varieties of ithotomes. Hippocrates, d. 357 B. C., treats of the operation of lithotomy, which seems in his time to have been practiced as a specialty by certain chirurgeons. Five methods of operating are enumerated by Dunglison, in some cases requiring special instruments. As it is the neck or body of the bladder that is cut, the instrument might more properly be called a cystotome. Li-thot′o-me — cache. （Surgical.) An instrument used in lithotomy. It is introduced with blades concealed in a sheath, from which they are protru
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