CHAPTER VI.
THE ALPS.
HAVING described Keltica beyond the Alps,
1 and the
nations who inhabit the country, we must now speak of the
Alps themselves and their inhabitants, and afterwards of the
whole of Italy; observing in our description such arrangement as the nature of the country shall point out.
The Alps do not commence at Monœci Portus,
2 as some have
asserted, but from the region whence the Apennines take
their rise about Genoa, a mercantile city of the Ligurians,
and at the marshes named Sabatorum Vada;
3 for the Apen-
nines take their rise near Genoa, and the Alps near Sabatorum Vada. The distance between Genoa and the Sabatorum Vada is about 260 stadia. About 370 stadia farther
on is the little city of Albingaunum,
4 inhabited by Ligurians
who are called Ingauni. From thence to the Monœci Portus is
480 stadia. In the interval between is the very considerable
city of Albium Intemelium,
5 inhabited by the Intemelii. These
names are sufficient to prove that the Alps commence at the
Sabbatorum Vada. For the Alps were formerly called Albia
and Alpionia,
6 and at the present day the high mountain in the
country of the Iapodes,
7 next to Ocra and the Alps, is named
Albius, showing that the Alps extend so far.
[
2]
Now since the Ligurians were divided into Ingauri
and Intemelii, it was natural that their maritime colonies
should be distinguished, one by the name of Albium Intemelium, Alpine as it were, and the other by the more concise
form Albingaunum.
8 To these two tribes of Ligurians already
mentioned, Polybius adds those of the Oxybii and Deciates.
9
The whole coast from Monœci Portus to Tyrrhenia is
continuous, and without harbours excepting some small
roads and anchorages. Above it rise the rugged precipices of
the Alpine range, leaving but a narrow passage along the
sea. This district, but particularly the mountains, is inhabited
by Ligurians, principally subsisting on the produce of their
herds, and milk, and a drink made of barley. There is plenty
of wood here for the construction of ships; the trees grow to
a vast size, some of them having been found eight feet in
diameter. Much of the wood is veined, and not inferior to
cedar-wood for cabinet work. This wood, together with the
produce of their cattle, hides, and honey, they transport to
the mart of Genoa, receiving in exchange for them the oil
and wine of Italy; for the little [wine] which their country
produces is harsh and tastes of pitch. Here are bred the
horses and mules known as ginni, and here too are wrought
the Ligurian tunics and saga. In their country likewise there
is plenty of lingurium, called by some electrum.
10 They use
but few cavalry in war; their infantry are good, and excellent
slingers. Some have thought that their brazen shields prove
these people to be of Grecian origin.
[
3]
The Monœci Portus is merely a roadstead, not capable
of containing either many or large vessels. Here is a temple
dedicated to Hercules Monœcus.
11 The name seems to show
it probable that the Massilian voyages along the coast extended as far as here. Monœci Portus is distant from Antipolis rather more than 200 stadia. The Salyes occupy the
region from thence to Marseilles, or a little farther; they
inhabit the Alps which lie above that city, and a portion of
the sea-coast, where they intermingle with the Greeks. The
ancient Greeks gave to the Salyes the name of Ligyes,
12 and to
the country which was in the possession of the Marseillese,
that of Ligystica.
13 The later Greeks named them Kelto-
Ligyes,
14 and assigned to them the whole of the plains extending as far as Luerion
15 and the Rhone. They are divided
into ten cantons, and are capable of raising troops not only of
infantry, but of cavalry also. These people were the first of
the Transalpine Kelts whom the Romans subdued after maintaining a lengthened war against them and the Ligurians.
They closed [against the Romans] all the roads into Iberia
along the sea-coast, and carried on a system of pillage both
by sea and land. Their strength so increased that large
armies were scarcely able to force a passage. And after a
war of eighty years, the Romans were hardly able to obtain
a breadth of twelve stadia for the purpose of making a public
road. After this, however, the Romans subdued the whole of
them, and established among them a regular form of government, and imposed a tribute.
16
[
4]
After the Salyes, the Albienses, the Albiœci,
17 and the
Vocontii inhabit the northern portion of the mountains.
The Vocontii extend as far as the Allobriges, and occupy
vast valleys in the depths of the mountains, not inferior to
those inhabited by the Allobriges. Both the Allobriges and
Ligurians are subject to the pretors sent into the Narbonnaise,
but the Vocontii are governed by their own laws, as we have
said of the Volcæ of Nemausus.
18 Of the Ligurians between
the Var and Genoa, those along the sea are considered Italians;
while the mountaineers are governed by a prefect of the
equestrian order, as is the case in regard to other nations
wholly barbarous.
[
5]
After the Vocontii, are the Iconii, the Tricorii, and the
Medulli; who inhabit the loftiest ridges of the mountains,
for they say that some of them have an almost perpendicular
ascent of 100 stadia, and a similar descent to the frontiers
of Italy. In these high-lands there is a great lake; there
are also two springs not far distant from each other; one
of these gives rise to the Durance, which flows like a
torrent into the Rhone, and to the Durias,
19 which flows in
an opposite direction; for it mingles with the Po after
having pursued its course through the country of the Salassi
20 into Cisalpine Keltica. From the other source, but
much lower down, rises the Po itself, large and rapid,
which as it advances becomes still vaster, and at the same
time more gentle. As it reaches the plains it increases in
breadth, being augmented by numerous [other rivers], and
thus it becomes less impetuous in its course, and its current
is weakened. Having become the largest river in Europe,
with the exception of the Danube,
21 it discharges itself into the
Adriatic Sea. The Medulli are situated considerably above
the confluence of the Isère and the Rhone.
[
6]
On the opposite side of the mountains, sloping towards
Italy, dwell the Taurini,
22 a Ligurian nation, together with
certain other Ligurians. What is called the land of Ideonnus
23 and Cottius belongs to these Ligurians. Beyond them
and the Po are the Salassi; above whom in the summits [of the
Alps] are the Kentrones, the Catoriges, the Veragri, the
Nantuatæ,
24 Lake Leman,
25 traversed by the Rhone, and the
sources of that river. Not far from these are the sources of
the Rhine, and Mount Adulas,
26 from whence the Rhine flows
towards the north; likewise the Adda,
27 which flows in an
opposite direction, and discharges itself into Lake Larius,
28
near to Como. Lying above Como, which is situated at the
roots of the Alps, on one side are the Rhæti and Vennones
towards the east,
29 and on the other the Lepontii, the Tridentini, the Stoni,
30 and numerous other small nations, poor and
addicted to robbery, who in former times possessed Italy.
At the present time some of them have been destroyed, and
the others at length civilized, so that the passes over the
mountains through their territories, which were formerly few
and difficult, now run in every direction, secure from any
danger of these people, and as accessible as art can make them.
For Augustus Cæsar not only destroyed the robbers, but improved the character of the roads as far as practicable, although
he could not every where overcome nature, on account of the
rocks and immense precipices; some of which tower above
the road, while others yawn beneath; so that departing ever
so little [from the path], the traveller is in inevitable danger
of falling down bottomless chasms. In some places the road
is so narrow as to make both the foot traveller and his beasts
of burden, who are unaccustomed to it, dizzy; but the animals
of the district will carry their burdens quite securely. These
things however are beyond remedy, as well as the violent
descent of vast masses of congealed snow from above, capable
of overwhelming a whole company at a time, and sweeping
them into the chasms beneath. Numerous masses lie one upon
the other, one hill of congealed snow being formed upon another, so that the uppermost mass is easily detached at any time
from that below it, before being perfectly melted by the sun.
[
7]
A great part of the country of the Salassi lies in a deep
valley, formed by a chain of mountains which encloses the
district on either side; a part of them however inhabit the
31
overhanging ridges. The route of those who are desirous of
passing from Italy over these mountains, lies through the
aforesaid valley. Beyond this the road separates into two.
The one which passes through the mountain peaks, known as
the Pennine Alps, cannot be traversed by carriages; the
other, which runs through the country of the Centrones, lies
more to the west.
32 The country of the Salassi contains gold
mines, of which formerly, in the days of their power, they
were masters, as well as of the passes. The river Doria
Baltea
33 afforded them great facility in obtaining the metal by
[supplying them with water] for washing the gold, and they
have emptied the main bed by the numerous trenches cut for
drawing the water to different places. This operation, though
advantageous in gold hunting, was injurious to the agriculturists below, as it deprived them of the irrigation of a river,
which, by the height of its position, was capable of watering
their plains. This gave rise to frequent wars between the
two nations; when the Romans gained the dominion, the
Salassi lost both their gold works and their country, but as
they still possessed the mountains, they continued to sell
water to the public contractors of the gold mines; with whom
there were continual disputes on account of the avarice of the
contractors, and thus the Roman generals sent into the country were ever able to find a pretext for commencing war.
And, until very recently, the Salassi at one time waging war
against the Romans, and at another making peace, took occasion to inflict numerous damages upon those who crossed over
their mountains, by their system of plundering; and even
exacted from Decimus Brutus, on his flight from Mutina,
34 a
drachm per man. Messala, likewise, having taken up his
winter quarters in their vicinity, was obliged to pay them,
both for his fire-wood, and for the elm-wood for making javelins for the exercise of his troops. In one instance they
plundered the treasures of Cæsar,
35 and rolled down huge
masses of rock upon the soldiers under pretence of making
roads, or building bridges over the rivers. Afterwards
Augustus completely overthrew them, and carried them to
Eporedia,
36 a Roman colony which had been planted as a
bulwark against the Salassi, although the inhabitants were
able to do but little against them until the nation was destroyed; their numbers amounted to 36,000 persons, besides 8000
men capable of bearing arms. Terentius Varro, the general
who defeated them, sold them all by public auction, as enemies
taken in war. Three thousand Romans sent out by Augustus
founded the city of Augusta,
37 on the spot where Varro had
encamped, and now the whole surrounding country, even to
the summits of the mountains, is at peace.
[
8]
Beyond, both the eastern parts of the mountains, and
those likewise inclining to the south, are possessed by the
Rhæti and Vindelici, who adjoin the Helvetii and Boii, and
press upon their plains. The Rhæti extend as far as Italy
above Verona and Como. The Rhætian wine, which is
esteemed not inferior to the finest wines of Italy, is produced
[from vines which grow] at the foot of the mountains. These
people extend also as far as the districts through which the
Rhine flows. The Lepontii and Camuni are of their nation.
The Vindelici and Norici possess, for the most part, the
opposite side of the mountains together with the Breuni and
Genauni, who form part of the Illyrians.
38 All these people
were continually making incursions both into the neighbouring parts of Italy, and into [the countries] of the Helvetii,
the Sequani,
39 the Boii, and the Germans.
40 But the Licattii,
the Clautinatii, and the Vennones
41 proved the boldest amongst
the Vindelici; and the Rucantii and Cotuantii amongst the
Rhæti. Both the Estiones and Brigantii belong to the
Vindelici; their cities are Brigantium, Campodunum, and
Damasia, which may be looked upon as the Acropolis of the
Licattii. It is narrated, as an instance of the extreme brutality
of these robbers towards the people of Italy, that when they
have taken any village or city, they not only put to death all
the men capable of bearing arms, but likewise all the male
children, and do not even stop here, but murder every pregnant woman who, their diviners say, will bring forth a male
infant.
42
[
9]
After these come certain of the Norici, and the Carni,
who inhabit the country about the Adriatic Gulf and Aquileia. The Taurisci belong to the Norici. Tiberius and his
brother Drusus in one summer put a stop to their lawless incursions, so that now for three and thirty years
43 they have
lived quietly and paid their tribute regularly. Throughout
the whole region of the Alps there are hilly districts capable
of excellent cultivation, and well situated valleys; but the
greater part, especially the summits of the mountains inhabited
by the robbers, are barren and unfruitful, both on account of
the frost and the ruggedness of the land. On account of the
want of food and other necessaries the mountaineers have
sometimes been obliged to spare the inhabitants of the plains,
that they might have some people to supply them; for these
they have given them in exchange, resin, pitch, torches,
wax, cheese, and honey, of which they have plenty. In the
Mount Apennine
44 which lies above the Carni there is a lake
which runs out into the Isar, which river, after receiving
another river, the Aude,
45 discharges itself into the Adriatic.
From this lake there is also another river, the Atesinus, which
flows into the Danube.
46 The Danube itself rises in the
mountains which are split into many branches and numerous
summits. For from Liguria to here the summits of the Alps
stretch along continuously, presenting the appearance of one
mountain; but after this they rise and fall in turns, forming
numerous ridges and peaks. The first of these is beyond the
Rhine and the lake
47 inclining towards the east, its ridge
moderately elevated; here are the sources of the Danube
near to the Suevi and the forest of Hercynia.
48 The other
branches extend towards Illyria and the Adriatic, such are
the Mount Apennine, already mentioned, Tullum and Phligadia,
49 the mountains lying above the Vindelici from whence
proceed the Duras,
50 the Clanis,
51 and many other rivers which
discharge themselves like torrents into the current of the
Danube.
[
10]
Near to these regions dwell the Iapodes, (a nation now
mixed with the Illyrians, and Kelts,) close to them is [the
Mount] Ocra.
52 Formerly the Iapodes were numerous, in-
habiting either side of the mountain, and were notorious for
their predatory habits, but they have been entirely reduced
and brought to subjection by Augustus Cæsar. Their cities are
Metulum,
53 Arupenum,
54 Monetium,
55 and Vendon.
56 After these
is the city of Segesta,
57 [situated] in a plain. Near to it flows the river Save,
58 which discharges itself into the Danube.
This city lies in an advantageous position for carrying on war
against the Dacians.
59 Ocra forms the lowest portion of the Alps,
where they approach the territory of the Carni, and through
which they convey the merchandise of Aquileia in waggons to
Pamportus.
60 This route is not more than 400 stadia. From
thence they convey it by the rivers as far as the Danube and
surrounding districts, for a navigable river
61 which flows out of
Illyria, passes by Pamportus, and discharges itself into the Save,
so that the merchandise may easily be carried down both to
Segesta, and to the Pannonians, and Taurisci.
62 It is near
this city,
63 that the Kulp
64 falls into the Save. Both of these
rivers are navigable, and flow down from the Alps. The
Alps contain wild horses and cattle, and Polybius asserts that
an animal of a singular form is found there; it resembles a
stag except in the neck and hair, which are similar to those
of a wild boar; under its chin it has a tuft of hair about a
span long, and the thickness of the tail of a young horse.
65
[
11]
One of the passages over the mountains from Italy into
Transalpine and northern Keltica is that which passes through
the country of the Salassi, and leads to Lugdunum.
66 This
[route] is divided into two ways, one practicable for carriages,
but longer, which crosses the country of the Centrones, the
other steep and narrow, but shorter; this crosses the Pennine
[Alps]. Lugdunum is situated in the midst of the country,
serving as an Acropolis, both on account of the confluence of
the rivers, and of its being equally near to all parts. It was
on this account that Agrippa cut all the roads from this [as
a centre] one running through the mountains of the Cevennes to the Santones
67 and Aquitaine,
68 another towards the
Rhine; a third towards the ocean by the country of the
Bellovaci
69 and Ambiani,
70 and a fourth towards the Narbonnaise and the coast of Marseilles.
71 The traveller, also, leaving
Lugdunum and the country above on his left, may pass over
the Pennine Alps themselves, the Rhone, or Lake Leman, into
the plains of the Helvetii, whence there is a passage through
Mount Jura into the country of the Sequani, and Lingones;
here the road separates into two routes, one running to the
Rhine, and the other
72 to the ocean.
[
12]
Polybius tells us that in his time the gold mines were
so rich about Aquileia, but particularly in the countries of
the Taurisci Norici, that if you dug but two feet below the
surface you found gold, and that the diggings [generally] were
not deeper than fifteen feet. In some instances the gold was
found pure in lumps about the size of a bean or lupin, and
which diminished in the fire only about one eighth; and in
others, though requiring more fusion, was still very profitable.
Certain Italians
73 aiding the barbarians in working [the
mines], in the space of two months the value of gold was
diminished throughout the whole of Italy by one third. The
Taurisci on discovering this drove out their fellow-labourers,
and only sold the gold themselves. Now, however, the
Romans possess all the gold mines. Here, too, as well as in
Iberia, the rivers yield gold-dust as well as the diggings,
though not in such large quantities. The same writer, speak-
ing of the extent and height of the Alps, compares with them
the largest mountains of Greece, such as Taygetum,
74 Lycæum,
75 Parnassus,
76 Olympus,
77 Pelion,
78 Ossa,
79 and of Thrace, as
the Hæmus, Rhodope, and Dunax, saying that an active
person might almost ascend any of these in a single day,
and go round them in the same time, whereas five days
would not be sufficient to ascend the Alps, while their length
along the plains extends 2200 stadia.
80 He only names four
passes over the mountains, one through Liguria close to the
Tyrrhenian Sea,
81 a second through the country of the Taurini,
82 by which Hannibal passed, a third through the country
of the Salassi,
83 and a fourth through that of the Rhæti,
84 all
of them precipitous. In these mountains, he says, there are
numerous lakes; three large ones, the first of which is Benacus,
85 500 stadia in length and 130 in breadth, the river
Mincio flows from it. The second is the Verbanus,
86 400
stadia [in length], and in breadth smaller than the preceding;
the great river Ticino
87 flows from this [lake]. The third
is the Larius,
88 its length is nearly 300 stadia, and its breadth
30, the river Adda flows from it. All these rivers flow
into the Po. This is what we have to say concerning the
Alpine mountains.