A.sum), Aeol. ἔμμι Sapph.2.15, Theoc.20.32; Cret. ἠμί GDI 4959a; 2sg. εἶ, Ep. and Ion. “εἰς” Od.17.388, al., Aeol. ἔσσι, Ep. and Dor. “ἐσσί” Il.1.176, Pi.O.6.90, Sophr.134; “ἐσί” GDI4959a; 3sg. ἐστί, Dor. “ἐντί” IG12(1).677 (Rhodes), Theoc.1.17, etc.; 3dual “ἐστόν” Th.3.112; 1pl. ἐσμέν, Ep. and Ion. εἰμέν (also in Pi.P.3.60), “ἐμέν” Call.Fr. 294, Dor. “εἰμές” Theoc.15.73, but “ἠμέν” GDI5178.34; 3pl. εἰσί （-ίν), Ep. and Ion. ἔασι （-ιν) Il.7.73, Xenoph.8.1, Antim.29, Herod.4.84, Dor. “ἐντί” Pi.N.1.24, Theoc.11.45, IG9(1).32.22 (Phocis), etc.: imper. ἴσθι （“ἔσθι” Hecat.361 J.), Ep. and Lyr. also in Med. form “ἔσσο” Od.3.200, Sapph.1.28, Maced.Pae.31, late Prose “ἔσο” Plu.2.241d, M.Ant.3.5, Hld.5.12, Porph.Marc.34; 3sg. ἔστω （“ἤτω” LXXPs.103.31, and late Inscrr., CIG2664, al.; but in Pl.R.361c leg. ἴτω), Dor. εἴτω, ἤτω, Heraclid. ap. Eust.1411.21, Elean “ἤστω” Schwyzer 424; 3pl. ἔστωσαν, but “ἔστων” Hom., Pl.R.502a, “ὄντων” Id.Lg.879b, and early Att. Inscrr., IG12.22, etc. (ἔστωσαν first in ii B. C., ib.22.1328), Dor. ἐόντων ib.1126: subj. ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, Ep. “ἔω” Od.9.18; 3sg. “ἔῃ” Il.12.300,al. (also “ἔῃσι” 2.366, al., ᾖσι（ν) 19.202, Hes.Op.294), also Boeot. “ἔνθω” IG7.3172.165, “μετείω” Il.23.47 and perh. “εἴῃ” 9.245, etc.; Dor. 3pl. “ὦντι” SIG940.3 (Crete), “ἔωντι” GDI5040.14 (Hierapytna), Boeot. “ἴωνθι” IG7.3171.46 (iii B. C.): opt. εἴην, -ης （“εἴησθα” Thgn.715), -η, also ἔοις, ἔοι, Il.9.284, 142, al., cf. Hdt.7.6; 3pl. “εἴοισαν Ἀρχ. Ἐφ.” 1911.133 (Gonni); 3dual “εἴτην” Pl. Prm.149e, Sph.243e; 1pl. “εἶμεν” E.Alc.921 (lyr.), Pl.; 2pl. “εἶτε” Od. 21.195; 3pl. “εἶεν” Il.2.372, etc., “εἴησαν” Hdt.1.2, etc.; Elean ἔα, = εἴη, SIG9 (vi B. C.), and σύν-εαν, = συνεῖεν, GDI1149 (vi B. C.): inf. εἶναι, Arc. “ἦναι” SIG306.9 (Tegea, iv B. C.); Ep. ἔμμεναι (also Aeol. “ἔμμεν᾽” Sapph.34), ἔμμεν (also Pi.P.6.42, S.Ant.623 (lyr.)), ἔμεναι, ἔμεν, also “ἔμειν” SIG1166 (Dodona); Dor. εἶμεν Foed. ap. Th.5.77,79, IG7.1.7 (Megara), “ἦμεν” Test.Epict.5.16, Tab.Heracl.1.75, Cret. ἦμεν or “ἤμην” Leg.Gort.1.15, al., GDI4998i 2, al., Megar. “εἴμεναι” Ar.Ach. 775, “εἴμειν” IG12(1).155.100 (Rhodes), 14.952 (Agrigentum); εἶν ib. 12(9).211.10 (Eretria), SIG135.4 (Olynthus), etc.: part. ὤν, Ep. ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν, Cypr. “ἰών” Inscr.Cypr.135.23 H.; Boeot. fem. “ἰῶσα” IG 7.3172.116 (Orchom.), Aeol. and Dor. fem. “ἔσσα” Sapph.75.4, IG4.952.2 (Epid.), Theoc.28.16, “ἐοῖσα” Pi.P.4.265, “ἔασσα” Lyr.Alex.Adesp. 9, Diotog. ap. Stob.4.7.62, “εὖσα” Erinn.5.5 (also Ion., Herod.5.16, “εὔντων” 2.85), “ἐᾶσα” Ti.Locr.96d, IG5(1).1470.8 (Messene), “ἴαττα” Leg.Gort.8.47; acc. sg. “εὖντα” Theoc.2.3; nom. sg. εἴς in Heraclid. ap. Eust.1756.13, pl. “ἔντες” Tab.Heracl.1.117; dat. pl. ἔντασσι ib.104; gen. pl. “παρ-έντων” Alcm. 64: impf. “ἦν” Il.2.77, etc., Ep. ἔον (also Aeol., Alc.127, Sapph.Oxy.1787 Fr.3 ii 21), in Att. ἦ (dub. in Aeol., Alc. Supp.14.9), Ar.Pl.77, Pl.Phd.61b, etc., but usu. altered to ἦν in codd. (and ἦν is required by metre in E.Ion280), contr. from Ep. and Ion. ἦα (Il.5.808, al., IG12(8).449.2 (Thasos), whence Hom.and later Ion. “ἔα_” Il.4.321, al., “ἔας” Hdt.1.187, “ἔατε” Id.4.119); Ep. 3sg. ἦεν, always with ν in Hom.; ἔην as 1sg., only Il.11.762 (s. v.l., al. ἔον), freq. as 3sg. (generally before a consonant, so that ἔεν is possible), sts. also ἤην; 2sg. ἦσθα, later ἦς (wh. is v.l. in Pi.I.1.26), sts. in LXX (Jd. 11.35, Ru.3.2,al.), cf. Pl.Ax.365e, Erinn.4.4, Ev.Matt.25.21, al., “ἦσθας” Men.Epit. 156, Ep. ἔησθα; 3sg. ἦν, Ep. ἔην, ἤην, ἦεν (v. supr.), Dor. and Aeol. “ἦς” Alc.Supp.30.1, Epich.102, Sophr.59, Theoc.2.90, SIG241.145 (Delph.); 3dual “ἤστην” Il.5.10, E.Hipp.387, Ar.Eq.982, Pl.Euthd.272a, al.; Dor. 1pl. “ἦμες” Plu.Lyc.21; 2pl. “ἦτε” Pl.Euthd. 276c, “ἦστε” Ar.Pax821, Ec.1086; 3pl. ἦσαν, Ion. and Poet. ἔσαν (in Hes.Th.321,825, ἦν is not pl. for ἦσαν, but is rather a peculiarity of syntax, v. infr. v, but is 3pl. in Epich.46, al., SIG560.15 (Epidamnus, iii B. C.)); Aeol. “ἔον” Schwyzer 644.12; later “ἤμην” PSI4.362.21 (iii B. C.), SIG527.46 (Crete, iii B. C.), IGRom.4.1740 (Cyme), always in LXX as Ba.1.19, cf. Ev.Matt.23.30, Plu.2.174a, etc., and sts. in codd. of earlier writers, Lys.7.34, Trag.Adesp.124 (cited from E. Hel.931 by Choerob. and from Id.Tr.474 by Aps.), X.Cyr.6.1.9, Hyp.Ath.26, 2sg. “ἦσο” Epigr.Gr.379 (Aezani), 3sg. “ἦστο” Supp.Epigr. 1.455.7 (Phrygia), 1pl. “ἤμεθα” PPetr.2p.11 (iii B. C.), LXX Ba.1.19, 1 Ki.25.16, Ep.Eph.2.3; subj. “ὦμαι” PBaden 48.12 (ii B. C.), ἦται GDI 1696, ἦνται prob. in IG5(1).1390.83 (Andania); Ion. and Ep. also ἔσκον, used by A.Pers.656 (lyr.): fut. ἔσομαι, ἔσται, Ep. and Aeol. also ἔσσομαι, ἔσεται, ἔσσεται; Aeol. 2sg. ἔσσῃ prob. in Alc.67,87; Dor. 2 and 3sg. ἐσσῇ, ἐσσεῖται, Il.2.393, 13.317, Theoc.10.5, 3pl. ἐσσοῦνται Foed. ap. Th.5.77 codd. (but “ἔσσονται” Tab.Heracl.1.113), inf. “ἐσσεῖσθαι” Sophr.57.—All forms of the pres.ind. are enclitic (exc. 2sg. εἶ and 3pl. ἔασι); but 3sg. is written ἔστι when it begins a sentence or verse, or when it immediately follows οὐκ, καί, εἰ, ὡς, ἀλλά, or τοῦτ᾽, Hdn.Gr.1.553 (also μή acc. to EM301.3); later Gramm. wrote ἔστι as Subst. Verb, Phot., Eust.880.22.
A. as the Subst. Verb,
I. of persons, exist, “οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὐδ᾽ ἔσσεται” Od.16.437; ἔτ᾽ εἰσί they are still in being, 15.433, cf. S.Ph.445, etc.; “τεθνηῶτος . . μηδ᾽ ἔτ᾽ ἐόντος” Od.1.289; οὐκέτ᾽ ἐστί he is no more, E.Hipp. 1162; οὐδὲ δὴν ἦν he was not long-lived, Il.6.131; ὁ οὐκ ὤν, οἱ οὐκ ὄντες, of those who are no more, Th.2.45,44; οἱ ὄντες the living, Plb.9.29.2; ὁ ὤν the Eternal, LXX Ex.3.14, al., Ph.1.289; “θεοὶ αἰὲν ἐόντες” Il.1.290; ἐσσόμενοι posterity, 2.119; “κἀγὼ γὰρ ἦ ποτ᾽, ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐκ εἴμ᾽ ἔτι” E.Hec.284; ὡς ἂν εἶεν ἅνθρωποι might continue in being, Pl.Smp.190c; “ζώντων καὶ ὄντων Ἀθηναίων” D.18.72, cf. Arist.GC318b25; of things, εἰ ἔστι ἀληθέως [ἡ τράπεζα] Hdt.3.17, etc.; of cities, “ὄλωλεν, οὐδ᾽ ἔτ᾽ ἐστὶ Τροία” E.Tr.1292, cf. Heracl.491; δοκεῖ μοι Καρχηδόνα μὴ εἶναι censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, Plu.Cat.Ma.27; ἂν ᾖ τὸ στράτευμα be in existence, D.8.17; of money, to be in hand, “τῶν ὄντων χρημάτων καὶ τῶν προσιόντων” IG12.91.25; τὰ ὄντα property, Pl.Grg. 511a, Plu.Ant.24, etc.; τὸ ἐσόμενον ἐκ . . future revenue from . . , BCH46.420 (Olymos, i B. C.); of place, τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν the local church, Act.Ap.13.1; of time, τοῦ ὄντος μηνός in the current month, BGU146.4, etc.; in office, “ἱερέων τῶν ὄντων” PPar.5.4(ii B. C.); αἱ οὖσαι [ἐξουσίαι] the powers that be, Ep. Rom.13.1.
II. of the real world, be, opp. become, “γίγνεται πάντα ἃ δή φαμεν εἶναι” Pl.Tht. 152d, etc.; τὸ ὄν Being, Parm.8.35, Protag.2, Pl.Ti.27d, etc.; opp. τὸ μὴ ὄν, Gorg.Fr.3 D., etc.; “οὐδὲν γίνεται ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος” Epicur.Ep. 1p.5U.; “ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων ἐποίησεν αὐτὰ ὁ θεός” LXX 2 Ma.7.28; τὰ ὄντα the world of things, Heraclit.7, Emp.129.5, etc.; ὄνindecl., τῶν ὂν εἰδῶν species of Being, Plot.6.2.10.
2. of circumstances, events, etc., to happen, “τά τ᾽ ἐόντα, τά τ᾽ ἐσσόμενα, πρό τ᾽ ἐόντα” Il.1.70; “ἡ ἐσβολὴ ἔμελλεν ἔσεσθαι” Th.2.13, etc.; τῆς προδοσίας οὔσης since treachery was there, Id.4.103; ἕως ἂν ὁ πόλεμος ᾖ so long as it last, Id.1.58; “αἱ σπονδαὶ ἐνιαυτὸν ἔσονται” Id.4.118; τί ἐστιν; what is it? what's the matter? Ar.Th.193; τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτο; how came it to pass? Pl.Phd.58a: repeated with a relat. to avoid a positive assertion, ἔστι δ᾽ ὅπῃ νῦν ἔ. things are as they are, i.e. are ill, A.Ag.67.
III. be the fact or the case, διπλασίαν ἂν τὴν δύναμιν εἰκάζεσθαι ἤ ἐστιν twice as large as it really is, Th.1.10; αὐτὸ ὅ ἐστι καλόν beauty in its essence, Pl.Smp. 211c, cf. Phd.74b; freq. in part., τὸν ἐόντα λόγον λέγειν or φαίνειν the true story, Hdt.1.95,116; τῷ ἐόντι χρήσασθαι tell the truth, ib. 30; “τὰ ὄντα ἀπαγγέλλειν” Th.7.8; σκῆψιν οὐκ οὖσαν, λόγον οὐκ ὄντα, S.El.584, Ar.Ra.1052; τῷ ὄντι in reality, in fact, Pl.Prt.328d, etc.; to apply a quotation to a case in point, τῷ ὄντι κλαυσίγελως real 'smiles through tears' (with allusion to Il.6.484), X.HG7.2.9, cf. Pl. La.196d; κατὰ τὸ ἐόν according to the fact, rightly, Hdt.1.97; πᾶν τὸ ἐόν the whole truth, Id.9.11; “τοῦ ἐόντος ἀποτεύξεται” Hp.VM 2.
IV. folld. by the relat., οὐκ ἔστιν ὅς or ὅστις no one, “οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὃς . . ἀπαλάλκοι” Il.22.348; “οὐκ ἔ. οὐδεὶς ὅς” E.El.903; οὐκ ἔ. ὅτῳ, = οὐδενί, A.Pr.293 (anap.), cf. 989: freq. in pl., εἰσὶν οἵ, = Lat. sunt qui, used exactly like ἔνιοι, Th.6.88, 7.44, Pl.Men.77d, Grg.503a, etc. (εἰσί τινες οἵ . . Th.3.24); ἐστὶν ἃ χωρία, πολίσματα, Id.1.12,65; “ἐστὶν ἃ εἰπεῖν” Id.2.67; “ἦσαν οἵ” X.An.5.2.14; the sg. Verb is used even with masc. and fem. pl., ἐστὶν οἵ, αἵ, Hp.Fract.1, VC4, X.Cyr.2.3.16; more freq. in oblique cases, “ποταμῶν ἐστὶ ὧν” Hdt.7.187; “ἐστὶν ἀφ᾽ ὧν” Th.8.65; ἐστὶ παρ᾽ οἷς, ἐστὶν ἐν οἷς, Id.1.23, 5.25: in questions ὅστις is used, ἔστιν ἥντινα δόξαν . . ἀπεκρίνατο; Pl.Men.85b: with relat. Particles, ἐστὶν ἔνθα, = Lat. est ubi, X.Cyr.7.4.15, etc.; ἐ. ὅπῃ, ἔσθ᾽ ὅπου, somehow, somewhere, Pl.Prt.331d, A.Eu.517, S.OT448, etc.; in questions expecting a neg. answer, ἐ. ὁπόθεν, ὅπως; Pl.Phlb. 35a, R.493e, etc.; “οὐ γάρ ἐσθ᾽ ὅπως” Pi.Fr.61, cf. Hdt.7.102, A.Ag. 620; οὐκ ἔ. ὅπως οὐ in any case, necessarily, Ar.Pax188; “οὐκ ἔ. ὡς” Pl. Men.76e, etc.; ἐ. ὅτε, ἔσθ᾽ ὅτε, sometimes, Pi.Fr.180.2, S.Aj.56, Th. 7.21, etc.
V. ἦν is sts. used with pl. masc. and fem., usu. at the beginning of a sentence, there was, “τῆς δ᾽ ἦν τρεῖς κεφαλαί” Hes.Th. 321; (but in “ἦν δ᾽ ἐρῳδιοί τε πολλοί” Epich.46, cf. 59, al., it may be taken as Dor. 3pl.); “ἦν δ᾽ ἀμφίπλεκτοι κλίμακες” S.Tr.520 (lyr.); ἦν ἄρα κἀκεῖνοι ταλακάρδιοι Epigr. ap. Aeschin.3.184; less freq. “ἔστι, ἔστι δὲ μεταξὺ . . ἑπτὰ στάδιοι” Hdt.1.26, cf. 7.34; “ἔστι . . ἄρχοντές τε καὶ δῆμος” Pl.R.463a; before dual Nouns, Ar.V.58, Pl.Grg.500d.
VI. ἔστι impers., c. inf., it is possible, “ἔστι γὰρ ἀμφοτέροισιν ὀνείδεα μυθήσασθαι” Il.20.246; “ἔστι μὲν εὕδειν, ἔστι δὲ τερπομένοισιν ἀκούειν” Od. 15.392; εἴ τί πού ἐστι (sc. πιθέσθαι) 4.193; “τοιάδε . . ἐστὶν ἀκοῦσαι” A. Pr.1055 (anap.); “ἔστι τεκμήρια ὁρᾶν” X.An.3.2.13, cf. Ar.Ra.1163, Aeschin.3.105, D.18.272, Arist.Ath.53.6, etc.; so in imper., opt., and subj., “ἔστω ἀποφέρεσθαι τῷ βουλομένῳ” IG12.10.7; “μυρία ἂν εἴη λέγειν” Pl.Plt.271e; “ὅπως ἂν ᾖ δρᾶν” IG2.1054.91: more freq. in neg. clauses, Il.6.267, etc.; folld. by ὥστε c. inf., S.Ph.656: c. acc. et inf., “ἁδόντα δ᾽ εἴη με τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ὁμιλεῖν” Pi.P.2.96; “ἔστιν ἐκπεσεῖν ἀρχῆς Δία” A.Pr.757: sts. not impers. in this sense, “θάλασσα δ᾽ οὐκέτ᾽ ἦν ἰδεῖν” Id.Pers.419.
b. ἔστω in argument, let it be granted, “ἔστω τοῦτο ἀληθὲς εἶναι” D.H.Comp.25; “ἔστω σοι τοῦθ᾽ οὕτως” Plu.2.987b; “ἔστω εἶναί τινα τοιοῦτον” D. Chr.74.24.
B. most freq., to be, the Copula connecting the predicate with the Subject, both being in the same case: hence, signify, import, “τὸ γὰρ εἴρειν λέγειν ἐστίν” Pl.Cra.398d; esp. in the phrase τοῦτ᾽ ἔστι, hoc est; “Σκαιόλαν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ Λαϊόν” Plu.Publ.17: with numerals, τὰ δὶς πέντε δέκα ἐστίν twice five are ten, X.Mem.4.4.7; εἶναί τις or τι, to be somebody, something, be of some consequence, v. τις; οὐδὲν εἶναι Pl.R.562d, etc.
2. periphr. with the Participle to represent the finite Verb: with pf. part. once in Hom., τετληότες εἰμέν, for τετλήκαμεν, Il.5.873; so in Trag. and Att., ἦν τεθνηκώς, for ἐτεθνήκει, A. Ag.869; ἔσται δεδορκώς ib.1179; “εἰμὶ γεγώς” S.Aj.1299; “πεφυκός ἐστι” Ar.Av.1473; “δεδρακότες εἰσίν” Th.3.68; “κατακεκονότες ἔσεσθε” X.An.7.6.36: with aor. part., once in Hom., “βλήμενος ἦν” Il.4.211; so προδείσας εἰμί, οὐ σιωπήσας ἔσει; S.OT90,1146, cf. A.Supp.460: with pres. part., “ἦν προκείμενον” Id.Pers.371; “φεύγων Ὀρέστης ἐστίν” Id.Ch.136; “εἴην οὐκ ἂν εὖ φρονῶν” S.Aj.1330; τί δ᾽ ἐστί . . φέρον; Id.OT991, cf. 274,708; “λέγων ἐστίν τις” E.Hec.1179; “ἦν τίς σ᾽ ὑβρίζων” Id.HF313; “πόρρω ἤδη εἶ πορευόμενος” Pl.Ly.204b; “βαδίζων εἰμί” Ar.Ra. 36; freq. in Hdt., “ἦσαν ἱέντες” 1.57, al.; even “εἰσὶ διάφοροι ἐόντες” 3.49 (s.v.l.):— if the Art. is joined with the Part., the noun is made emphatic, Κᾶρές εἰσι οἱ καταδέξαντες the persons who showed her were Carians, Id.1.171; “αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ μαρτυρῶν” A.Eu.798; “δόλος ἦν ὁ φράσας” S.El.197 (anap.).
C. εἶναι is freq. modified in sense by the addition of Advbs., or the cases of Nouns without or with Preps.:
I. εἶναι with Advbs., where the Adv. often merely represents a Noun and stands as the predicate, “ἅλις δέ οἱ ἦσαν ἄρουραι” Il.14.122, etc.; ἀκέων, ἀκήν εἶναι, to be silent, 4.22, Od.2.82; “σῖγα πᾶς ἔστω λεώς” E.Hec.532; “διαγνῶναι χαλεπῶς ἦν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον” Il.7.424; ἀσφαλέως ἡ κομιδὴ ἔσται will go on safely, Hdt.4.134; ἐγγύς, πόρρω εἶναι, Th.6.88, Pl.Prt.356e: freq. impers. with words implying good or ill fortune, Κουρήτεσσι κακῶς ἦν it fared ill with them, Il.9.551; “εὖ γὰρ ἔσται” E.Med.89, cf. Ar.Pl.1188, etc.; “ἡδέως ἂν αὐτοῖς εἴη” D.59.30.
II. c. gen., to express descent or extraction, “πατρὸς δ᾽ εἴμ᾽ ἀγαθοῖο” Il.21.109; “αἵματός εἰς ἀγαθοῖο” Od. 4.611, cf. Hdt.3.71, Th.2.71, etc.; “πόλεως μεγίστης εἶ” X.An.7.3.19.
b. to express the material of which a thing is made, ἡ κρηπίς ἐστι λίθων μεγάλων consists of . . , Hdt.1.93; τῆς πόλιος ἐούσης δύο φαρσέων ib.186; τοιούτων ἔργων ἐστὶ ἡ τυραννίς is made up of . . , Id.5.92.ή, etc.
c. to express the class to which a person or thing belongs, εἶ γὰρ τῶν φίλων you are one of them, Ar.Pl.345; “ἐτύγχανε βουλῆς ὤν” Th.3.70; “ὅσοι ἦσαν τῶν προτέρων στρατιωτῶν” Id.7.44; “Κριτίας τῶν τριάκοντα ὤν” X.Mem.1.2.31; ἔστι τῶν αἰσχρῶν it is in the class of disgraceful things, i. e. it is disgraceful, D.2.2.
d. to express that a thing belongs to another, “Τροίαν Ἀχαιῶν οὖσαν” A.Ag. 269; “τὸ πεδίον ἦν μέν κοτε Χορασμίων” Hdt.3.117, etc.: hence, to be of the party of, “ἦσαν . . τινὲς μὲν φιλίππου, τινὲς δὲ τοῦ βελτίστου” D.9.56, cf. 37.53; to be de pendent upon, S.Ant.737, etc.; to be at the mercy of, “ἔστι τοῦ λέγοντος, ἢν φόβους λέγῃ” Id.OT917.
e. to express one's duty, business, custom, nature, and the like , οὔτοι γυναικός ἐστι 'tis not a woman's part, A.Ag.940; “τὸ ἐπιτιμᾶν παντὸς εἶναι” D.1.16; τὸ δὲ ναυτικὸν τέχνης ἐστίν is matter of art, requires art, Th.1.142, cf.83.
f. in LXX, to be occupied about, “ἦσαν τοῦ θύειν” 2 Ch.30.17; ἔσεσθαι, c. gen., to be about to, “ἐσόμεθα τοῦ σῶσαί σε” 2 Ki.10.11.
2. with two dats., σφίσι τε καὶ Ἀθηναίοισι εἶναι οὐδὲν πρῆγμα that they and the Athenians have nothing to do one with another, Hdt.5.84; “μηδὲν εἶναι σοὶ καὶ φιλίππῳ πρᾶγμα” D.18.283; more shortly, σοί τε καὶ τούτοισι πρήγμασι τί ἐστι; Hdt.5.33; τί τῷ νόμῳ καὶ τῇ βασάνῳ; D.29.36; τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί; Lat. quid tecum est mihi? Ev.Marc.5.7, etc.; also ἐμοὶ οὐδὲν πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους (sc. ἐστίν) Isoc.4.12; “ἐν οἷς πρὸς τοὺς ἐναντίους ἐστὶ τῷ δήμῳ” D.18.278; ἔσται αὐτῳ πρὸς τὸν θεόν, in tomb inscriptions, JHS18.113, etc.
3. with ἄσμενος, βουλόμενος, etc., added, ἐμοὶ δέ κεν ἀσμένῳ εἴη 'twould be to my delight, Il.14.108; “οὐκ ἂν σφίσι βουλομένοις εἶναι” Th.7.35; “προσδεχομένῳ” Id.6.46; “θέλοντι” S.OT1356 (lyr.); “ἡδομένοις” Pl.La.187c.
IV. with Preps., εἶναι ἀπό τινος, = εἶναί τινος (supr. 11.a), X.Mem.1.6.9; “εἰσὶν ἀπ᾽ ἐναντίων αὗται πραγμάτων” Pl.Phlb.12d; but εἶναι ἀπ᾽ οἴκου to be away from . . , Th.1.99.
2. εἶναι ἔκ τινος to be sprung from, εἴμ᾽ ἐκ Παιονίης, Μυρμιδόνων ἔξ εἰμι, Il.21.154, 24.397, etc.; ἔστιν ἐξ ἀνάγκης it is of necessity, i. e. necessary, Pl.Sph.256d.
3. εἶναι ἐν . . to be in a certain state, “ἐν εὐπαθείῃσι” Hdt.1.22; ἐν ἀθυμία, etc., Th.6.46, etc.; “ἐν ταραχαῖς” D.18.218; εἶναι ἐν ἀξιώματι to be in esteem, Th.1.130; οἱ ἐν τέλεϊ ἐόντες those in office, Hdt.3.18, etc.; but εἶναι ἐν τέχνῃ, ἐν φιλοσοφία to be engaged in . . , S.OT562, Pl.Phd.59a.
b. ἐν σοί ἐστι it depends on thee, Hdt.6.109, S.Ph.963; “ἐν σοὶ γάρ ἐσμεν” Id.OT314; so also “ἐπί τινι” Id.Ph.1003, X.Cyr.1.6.2, etc.
4. εἶναι διά . . , much like εἶναι ἐν . . , εἶναι διὰ φόβου, = φοβεῖσθαι, Th.6.34; εἶναι δι᾽ ὄχλου, = ὀχληρὸν εἶναι, Id.1.73; “εἶναι διὰ μόχθων” X.Cyr.1.6.25; εἶναι δι᾽ αἰτίας, = αἰτιᾶσθαι, D.H.1.70; Geom., pass through, “διὰ τᾶς ἑτέρας διαμέτρου ἐόντος τοῦ ἐπιπέδου” Archim.Con.Sph.20.
5. εἶναι ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτῆς to be by oneself, D.25.23; εἶναι ἐπὶ ὀνόματος to bear a name, Id.39.21; εἶναι ἐπὶ τοῖς πράγμασιν to be engaged in . . , Id.2.12; εἶναι ἐπί τινα to be against him, Id.6.33; εἶναι ἐφ᾽ ἑξήκοντα στάδια to reach sixty stadia, X.An.4.6.11; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὰς ἁφάς pass through the points of contact, Apollon. Perg.Con.4.1; εἶναι ἐπί τινι, v. supr. 3 b.
6. εἶναι πρός τινος to be in one's favour, Th.4.10,29, etc.; to suit, X.An. 1.2.11, etc.; εἶναι πρός τινι engaged in, Pl.Phd.84c, Philostr.VA5.31; πρὸς τοῖς ἰδίοις mind one's own affairs, Arist.Pol.1309a6, Ath.16.3; “εἶναι πρὸς τὸ κωλύειν” Plb.1.26.3; πρὸς τὸ πονεῖν Telesp.46 H.; “εἶναι περί τι” X.An.3.5.7, etc.
D. ἐστί is very freq. omitted, mostly in the pres. ind. before certain predicates, as ἀνάγκη, ἄξιον, δυνατόν, εἰκός, ἕτοιμον, οἷόν τε, ῥᾴδιον, χρεών, etc., and after the neut. of Verbals in -τέος, and such forms as θαυμαστὸν ὅσον: less freq. with other persons and moods, εἰμί omitted, S.OT92, Aj.813; εἶ, Od.4.206; ἐσμέν, S.Ant.634; ἐστέ, Od.10.463; εἰσί, S.OT499 (lyr.), IG2.778 B; subj. ᾖ, Il.14.376, E.Hipp.659, Antipho 5.32; opt. εἴη, IG22.1183.12; impf. ἦν, ib.2.778 B; fut. ἔσονται, Od.14.394.
E. the Inf. freq. seems redundant,
1. in phrases implying power or will to do a thing, ἑκὼν εἶναι (v. ἑκών）“ κατὰ δύναμιν εἶναι” Is.2.32; “εἰς δύναμιν εἶναι” Pl.Plt.300c; τὸ ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνοις εἶναι, quantum in illis esset, Th.8.48, X.HG3.5.9, cf. Lys.13.58; “τὸ ἐπὶ σφᾶς εἶναι” Th.4.28; “τὸ κατὰ τοῦτον εἶναι” X.An.1.6.9; “κατὰ τοῦτο εἶναι” Pl.Prt. 317a; τὸ τήμερον, τὸ νῦν εἶναι, Id.Cra.396e, La.201c, Theopomp. Com.98, Decr. ap. Arist.Ath.31.2, etc.
2. after Verbs of naming or choosing, “σοφιστὴν ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι” Pl.Prt.311e; “σύμμαχόν μιν εἵλοντο εἶναι” Hdt.8.134; of giving, “δῶκε ξεινήϊον εἶναι” Il. 11.20.
F. impf. ἦνissts. used where other languages take the pres.,
1. after ἄρα, to express a fact which is and has always been the same, δέρμα δὲ ἀνθρώπου . . ἦν ἄρα σχεδὸν δερμάτων πάντων λαμπρότατον human skin then it appears is . . , Hdt.4.64; “Κύπρις οὐκ ἄρ᾽ ἦν θεός” E. Hipp.359; ὡς ἄρ᾽ ἦσθ᾽ ἐμὸς πατὴρ ὀρθῶς ib.1169; “ἦ πολύμοχθον ἄρ᾽ ἦν γένος . . ἁμερίων” Id.IA1330; “ἦ στωμύλος ἦσθα” Theoc.5.79; so also when there is reference to a past thought, τουτὶ τί ἦν; what is this? Ar.Ach.157, cf. Pl.Cra.387c: so in the Aristotelian formula τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι (APo.82b38, al.), used to express the essential nature of a thing, where τί ἦν (for ἐστί) takes the place of the dat. in such phrases as τὸ ἀγαθῷ εἶναι, τὸ μεγέθει εἶναι, APr.67b12, de An.429b10.
