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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
ference to shading sidewalks and show-windows. Some devices, however, have been intended for window-shades, and are modified in shape and mode of operation to suit their location. Awnings of linen were first used by the Romans in the theater, when Q. Catulus dedicated the Temple of Jupiter, B. C. 69. After this, Lentulus Spinther is said to have first introduced cotton awnings in the theater at the Apollinarian Games, July 6, B. C. 63; they were red, yellow, and iron-gray. By and by, Caesar the Dictator covered with awnings the whole Roman Forum, and the Sacred Way, from his own house to the ascent of the Capitoline Hill; this was 46 B. C., and is said to have appeared more wonderful than the gladiatorial exhibition itself. Afterward, without exhibiting games, Marcellus, the son of Octavia, sister of Augustus, when he was aedile and his uncle consul the eleventh time, on the day before the Kalends of August, July 31, 23 B. C., protected the Forum from the rays of the sun, that
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
Guzman, A. D. 1202, introduced the rosary of 15 large and 150 small beads. Beads were used by the Druids in the time of Caesar. Beads are made of a great variety of materials: gold, diamond, amber, pearl, coral, jet, garnet, crystal, steel, pastations the skins of wild beasts have been much employed, and of these were the beds of the ancient Britons at the time of Caesar's invasion. Their Roman conquerors are said to have taught them the use of straw; to some extent of grain also, it would. Philadelphus added the famous library of Aristotle to the collection. It was much injured by fire in the siege of Julius Caesar. Antony added to it the library of Pergamus, collected by Eumenes. It was afterward injured by Theodosius, and destus Scipio, 127 B. C. Julius Caesar's and Trajan's bridges. A trestle-bridge on piles (a. Fig. 924) was built by Julius Caesar across the Rhine about 55 B. C. He left an account of its construction, but the authorities construct it differently
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
dding two months, and made it commence at the winter solstice. Julius Caesar, 46 B. C., sent for Sosigenes of Alexandria, who again correcte C. It attracted the attention, also, of Demetrius Poliorketes, Julius Caesar, Caligula, and Herodes Atticus; but it was reserved for Nero toge.) Triumphal cars were introduced by Tarquin the Elder, 616 B. C. Caesar relates that Cassibelaunus, of Britain, after dismissing all his othe Veneti, used iron chain-cable for their ships in the time of Julius Caesar. In the tenth century the nations of the Baltic used ropes o. The skill of the ancient Britons in chariot-driving filled Julius Caesar with astonishment. See carriage; cart. Chariot-wheels of bpsydras are said to have been found in use among the Britons by Julius Caesar, 55 B. C. The Saracens had several kinds of clepsydras; one . This practice was not adopted by the Romans till the time of Julius Caesar, when it became general, and is yet practiced, as is well known
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
y Pliny, Petronius, Dion Cassius, and others who copied from them. The two former refer to vases made in the time of Tiberius. It is not fully credited. Julius Caesar found the Britons in possession of glass beads, which they probably obtained of the Phoenicians in return for tin. Rome had few glass windows till the reign ofVI.) grapes were brought from Flanders to England. The vine was introduced into England in 1552. The statements of the growth of the vine in Britain (time of Julius Caesar) seem to lack confirmation. One of the largest vines in Europe is that of Hampton Court Palace, near London, the famous palace built by Cardinal Wolsey and gi the time of Constantine, numbered three hundred. Strabo informs us that mills were driven by water in the period of Mithridates of Pontus, the contemporary of Caesar and Cicero. Such mills were driven by the current of the Tiber a little before the time of Augustus. It is not certain that these were grain-mills. Windmills
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
lifts of boots and shoes. After the blank-heel has been made, it is placed in the socket of a machine against the boot in position, and a plunger drives the whole gang of nails at once through the insole and counter, and clenches them against the anvil which rests on the insole of the boot. Or, nails are forced through the inner sole into the heel from within; also, from the outer or wearing surface down through the heel-lifts by means of rods arranged to pass through nail-plates. Julius Caesar wore high-heeled shoes to increase his apparent stature. The shoe covered the foot. 2. A term as opposed to head. （Nautical.) a. The after end of a ship's keel. b. The lower end of a spar or timber, as the heel of a mast, of a boom, of the bowsprit, of the sternpost, of the rudder, of a shore, of a spar when used as a jib or shear-pole, etc. c. The lower end of a timber in a frame; the other end is the head. （Carpentry.) The lower end or foot of a rafter where it rest
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
35151 31 in 192771° 55′1 in 30176 41 in 143692° 18′1 in 25211 51 in 114622° 52′1 in 20264 3° 49′1 in 15352 4° 24′1 in 13406 5° 43′1 in 10528 Inclined planes were used for raising the galleys and triremes of the Greeks from the waters of the Corinthian or the Cenchreaen Sea, for transportation across the Isthmus of Corinth. This was the Diolcos or drawing-place, 40 stadia or 5 miles in length, the narrowest passage between the two gulfs. A canal was attempted at this point by Julius Caesar, Caligula, Nero; the ridge of native rock defeated all the attempts; it is very hard, and can hardly be worked without blasting. The incline was again used in the wars of the Genoese and Turks. Inclined planes and lifts for raising and lowering canal-boats from one level to another, as a substitute for locks, are mentioned by Smeaton in 1774. Both systems are used on the English canals, in the neighborhood of Taunton; 80 feet of rise are overcome in this way. The incli
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
regular intervals, and it is probable that it was a six-part harness, floating the woof to make a pattern. The name came down through the ages as ca/miton Lat. samitum, O. Fr. samet, Ger. sammet, Sp. xamete, It. sciamito, and in our own archaic, — So flashed and fell the brand Excalibur: But ere he dipt the surface, rose an arm Clothed in white samite, mystic, wonderful, And caught him by the hilt. The arts of dressing flax and wool were known in Britain previous to the conquest by Caesar, who states that the art of weaving was not known by the islanders. However this may be, an imperial manufactory of woolen and linen cloth for the use of the Roman army in Britain was established at Venta Bulgarum, since called Winchester. In Bishop Aldhelm's book, A. D. 680, in an essay on character, occurs a simile from the art of figure-weaving, in which he refers to a web woven by shuttles, filled with threads of purple and many other colors, flying from side to side, and forming a var
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
of this causeway of such a hight as to prevent the sumpter beasts and the horses from seeing over it and taking fright at the water. — Herodotus, VII. 36. The army was seven days and nights in crossing. The bridge thrown across the Rhine by Caesar, for the purpose of enabling him to cross that river in order to chastise the Germans, who, under their king, Arioristus, had invaded the Gallic territory, was formed by driving piles 18 inches square into the bed of the river, in pairs 2 feet aps of porous, half-concreted volcanic matter, which is mixed with lime or common mortar to give it the property of hardening under water. It is mentioned by Vitruvins and Pliny. The use of lime in England, as we gather from the accounts of Julius Caesar, was not known previous to the Roman conquest. The oldest limestone quarry in England was opened by the Romans at Tadeaster in Yorkshire, called Calcariae in the Roman itineraries. The quarry is still used. Stamp-mill Lime most commonl
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
e seat of those immense libraries which we read of as having perished in the flames during the siege of Alexandria by Julius Caesar, B. C. 47, under Theodosius about A. D. 388, and finally under Omar the Saracen about A. D. 639. During this intervaion of the famous one in Alexandria. After the library in the Bruchion was burned, during the siege of Alexandria by Julius Caesar, Marc Antony presented to Cleopatra the rival library of Pergamus, consisting of 200,000 volumes (volumen, a scroll).ittle obstructed by ice, as that of the Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad over Gunpowder River, and many other places. Caesar's bridge (page 379) was also a pile-bridge with trestle superstructure. Pile-cap. （Hydraulic Engineering.) A ing a rising and falling weight to drive a pile into its bed. Pile-driver. It is suggested that the fistuca whereby Caesar drove the piles of his bridge over the Rhine must have been something similar to our machine, in which a weight is altern
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
its construction It was properly called Regina Viarum. The Via Numicia led to Brundusium; the Via Flaminia to Rimini and Aquileia; the Via Aurelia was along the coast of Etruria; the Via Cassia ran to Modena, between the Flaminian and Aurelian ways; the Via Aemilia extended from Rimini to Piacenza. The smaller ways were the Via Praenestina to Palestrina (the ancient Praeneste); Tiburtina to Tivoli; Ostiensis to Ostia; Laurentina to Laurentum, south of Ostia; Salaria, etc. Under Julius Caesar the capital of the Empire was in complete communication with all the principal cities by paved road. During the last African war a paved road was constructed through Spain and Gaul to the Alps. These roads connected the capital with Savoy, Dauphine, and Provence, Germany, all parts of Spain, Gaul, Constantinople, Hungary, Macedonia, and the mouths of the Danube. On the other sides of the intervening waters these roads were continued in Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, England, Asia, and
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