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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
nd the piece to be moved was indicated by throwing dice. This was the game down to the sixth century A. D. From thence to the sixteenth century the mediaeval game (the Shatranj) was practiced. In this two persons only played, and the element of chance was discarded. Modern chess extends from the sixteenth century to the present time, the change from the mediaeval consisting in the increase of the power of bishops and queen, and the introduction of castling. The Emperor Akbar (1543-1605), surnamed Jalalud-din, The glory of the faith, had a chess court in his palace at Futtehpore, nineteen miles from Agra on the Ganges. He was the greatest and the wisest of the monarchs of Hindostan, and, like Alfred of the West Saxons, seems to have been as versatile as he was grand. On the tesselated pavement of one of the court-yards of this splendid palace, the prince set his battle in array, with the mimic kings, queens, priests, and men-at-arms; his vizier and he marshaling the forces
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
f Antiquaries, Edinburgh. Of the Halifax machine we know but little except that Morton imported the maiden thence. Pursuing the back track, we find that the Due de Montmorenci (blue blood) was executed by a falling axe at Toulouse, 1632; that the Dutch used it in executing slaves in their colonies, and that its use was comparatively common in Germany during the Middle Ages. The Mannaiu of Italy, by which Conradin of Swabia was executed, 1268, at Naples, and Beatrice Cenci at Rome, in 1605, was of the same construction substantially. The guillotine as mentioned in German books of 1534, 1551, and 1570. It is called the Roman falling-axe, and the decollation of St. Matthew thereby was a favorite subject with illuminators of manuscripts 250 years before the French Revolution. In the London Monthly magazine, April 1, 1800, p. 247, is an enumeration of ten cuts and engravings of the sixteenth century in which a guillotine is employed. The representations are principally mart
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
usband laments that he could not celebrate the day of his wife's death by a sanguinary gladiatorial fight at Verona, because contrary winds detained in port the panthers which had been bought in Africa. To come down to a later date, ivory chairs and furniture were among the spoils of Seringapatam when Tippoo yielded up the ghost, and the government of Mysore. The Elephant's tower at Futtehpoor Sikra, a favorite residence of Akbar, the most illustrious Asiatic ruler of modern times (1556-1605), is ninety feet high, and is studded with elephants' tusks from top to bottom. It is conjectured to have been erected over the remains of a favorite elephant. This Akbar (very great), properly Jelal-ed-din Mohammed, was truly royal, and kept house on a very extended scale. Bayard Taylor gives a good account of Futtehpoor, a red sandstone city, deserted but not destroyed. Akbar had a fancy for chess-playing within a checkered court-yard of his palace, with beardless epicenes and troops of
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
ar yield, by purification, decolorization, and boiling, a light yellow sugar. The last greens, after three successive crystallizations of sugar, are purified and sold as golden sirup. This sirup still contains a considerable quantity of crystallizable sugar, which cannot be profitably extracted, together with uncrystallizable sugar, coloring matter, and the substances which give to sirup its peculiar agreeable flavor, but whose exact nature is not known. Beet-Root Sugar. Oliver de Serres, 1605, suggested the use of beets for making sugar. Margraff first produced sugar from beets in 1747; Achard, in 1799. Bonaparte encouraged it, as his connections with the West Indies were very precarious, and were likely to become more so. 60,000 tons of beet-root sugar are now produced annually in France. Large quantities are also made in Northern and Central Europe, forming a large proportion of the amount consumed. The industry has been introduced into Illinois and California. It prospers
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
harness saddle to hold the shaft of a carriage. Thim′ble. 1. A frusto-conical metallic sheath used to protect the end of the finger in sewing. Seamstresses use a thimble having a rounded end with numerous small pits or indentations. Those used by tailors, upholsterers, and needle-men generally are open at the end. The name is said to have been derived from thumbell, having been first worn on the thumb, as the sailor's thimble still is. It was introduced into England from Holland in 1605, by John Lofting, who manufactured them at Islington. Thimbles of bronze, exactly like the modern, have been found at Herculaneum. The thimble is sometimes utilized as a tool-holder. The extension thimble of the dentist is a prong on the end of the thimble, used to reach into the mouth to hold the foil or a compress, while operating on the teeth The bur thimble has an open ring for the index or middle finger, and a socket attached, in which rests the end of the drill handle. The