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Oriental (Senegal) (search for this): chapter 5
inst the open lid, and the eye-wash dashed against the ball, or forced against it by compressing the reservoir, as in the example. The device shown is also applicable to the eyeball for the purpose of preventing myopia by preserving the convexity of the cornea; the bag c, being partially exhausted, is allowed to expand after the edges of the cups are seated upon the eye-balls. Eye-ex′tir-pator. A surgical instrument for removing the eye. Putting out the eyes has long been a common Oriental punishment. The eyes of Zedekiah were put out by Nebuchadnezzar. Xenophon states that in the time of the younger Cyrus the practice was so common that the blinded men were a common spectacle on the highways. The Kurds and Turkestan hordes yet blind their aged prisoners. Eye-glasses. Eye-glass. 1. (Optics.) The glass nearest to the eye of those forming the combination eye-piece of a telescope or microscope. The other glass, nearer to the object-glass, is called the field-glas
Nantes (France) (search for this): chapter 5
rnard Palissy, the Huguenot potter, born about 1500, devoted many years to the discovery and application of enamels of various colors to pottery. He was remarkably successful in true copies of natural objects. His method died with him. He died in 1589, in prison, for consciencea sake. John Petitot, of Geneva (1607 – 91), is regarded as one of the first to excel in portraits. He worked for Charles I. of England, and subsequently for Louis XIV. of France. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes drove him from France to the city of his birth, Geneva. In 1632, Jean Tontin, of Chateaudun, introduced the practice of grinding the colors in oil of spike, instead of water. Faience and majolica may be considered forms of the art. The enameled portrait of herself, presented by Queen Victoria to Mr. Peabody, is fresh in the recollection of those who speak the language common to the donor and presentee. Enamel is applied to various kinds of pots and pans for stewing and preservin
Baltimore, Md. (Maryland, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
ph since so well known as Morse's. A short line worked on his plan was set up in 1835, though it was not until June 20, 1840, that he obtained his first patent, and nearly four years elapsed before means could be procured, which were finally granted by the government of the United States, to test its practical working over a line of any length; though he had as early as 1837 endeavored to induce Congress to appropriate a sum of money sufficient to construct a line between Washington and Baltimore. Professor Morse deserves high honor for the ingenious manner in which he availed himself of scientific discoveries previously made by others, for many important discoveries of his own, and for the courage and perseverance which he manifested, in endeavoring to render his system of practical utility to mankind by bringing it prominently to the notice of the public; and he lived to see it adopted in its essential features throughout the civilized world. In the mean while Gauss and Web
Holland (Netherlands) (search for this): chapter 5
e, and the mud so formed was spouted out upon both banks of the canal to such a distance and in such quantities as to form high compact ramparts against the sand showers blowing in from the desert. Ninetysix million cubic yards of earth have been taken out; and there is left to-day a canal 90 miles long, 328 feet wide at the surface, and 74 feet wide at the bottom, and 26 feet deep throughout. See dredgingmachine. The practice adopted in the United States, in France, in England, and Holland is to mix such earth in situ and pump it up, mud, earth, sand, and all, — and pour it into lighters or directly upon the land adjacent. The hydraulic mining of California is by means of powerful jets of water projected against the banks of drift, the debris of former periods of glacial and fluvial action. See auger; ditching-machine; dredging-machine; scraper; well-boring. Number of Cubic Feet of various Earths in a Ton. Loose earth24 Coarse sand18.6 Clay18.6 Earth with gravel
Nimes (France) (search for this): chapter 5
ontents of the urinals in the third and fourth stories. The drains were cylindrical pipes of 12 inches diameter, hollowed out of freestone blocks 20 inches in hight. The drains were led down from the upper stories through pipes in the masonry of the stairs, and united with hundreds of other drains at the larger conduits, which conducted the water to the Cloaca Maxima. Earth-closets. The arrangement of the aqueduct and distributing pipes which conducted the water from the fountain of Nismes was as elaborate as the emunctories described. See Cresy, ed. 1865, pp. 108-118. Earth′en-ware. A general expression which covers all ceramic work, such as stone-ware, delft, porcelain, etc. See pottery. The term, as far as it may have a less general meaning, includes merely the commoner classes of clay-ware, otherwise known as crockery. The clay, having been properly tempered, is formed on the wheel and dried under cover until it has acquired considerable solidity. The glaze, of
Norfolk (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 5
line colors, and fixing them by fire, was practiced by the Egyptians and Etruscans on pottery, and passed from them to the Greeks and Romans. Enameling was also practiced among the Chinese. Specimens of enameled work are yet extant of early British, Saxon, and Norman manufacture. An enameled jewel, made by order of Alfred the Great, A. D. 887, was discovered in Somersetshire, England, and is preserved at Oxford. An enameled gold cup was presented by King John to the corporation of Lynn, Norfolk, and is yet preserved. Luca della Robbia, born about 1410, applied tin enamel to pottery, and excelled in the art. Bernard Palissy, the Huguenot potter, born about 1500, devoted many years to the discovery and application of enamels of various colors to pottery. He was remarkably successful in true copies of natural objects. His method died with him. He died in 1589, in prison, for consciencea sake. John Petitot, of Geneva (1607 – 91), is regarded as one of the first to excel in
California (California, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
owing in from the desert. Ninetysix million cubic yards of earth have been taken out; and there is left to-day a canal 90 miles long, 328 feet wide at the surface, and 74 feet wide at the bottom, and 26 feet deep throughout. See dredgingmachine. The practice adopted in the United States, in France, in England, and Holland is to mix such earth in situ and pump it up, mud, earth, sand, and all, — and pour it into lighters or directly upon the land adjacent. The hydraulic mining of California is by means of powerful jets of water projected against the banks of drift, the debris of former periods of glacial and fluvial action. See auger; ditching-machine; dredging-machine; scraper; well-boring. Number of Cubic Feet of various Earths in a Ton. Loose earth24 Coarse sand18.6 Clay18.6 Earth with gravel17.8 Clay with gravel14.4 Common soil15.6 2. A dentist's instrument for removing the carious portion of a tooth. They are of various forms and sizes, straight, curved
Brussels (Belgium) (search for this): chapter 5
, and then indenting from the outside. The modes are variously combined, according to the object, the style, and the material. See chasing. End. 1. A sliver or carding. 2. (Wearing.) One of the worsted yarns in a loom for weaving Brussels carpet. It proceeds from a bobbin on the frame and through a small brass eye called a mail, by which it is lifted when its turn comes to be raised to form a loop in the pattern. See Brussels carpet. End′less-chain pro-peller. One in whiff that portion exposed to the air. The Bour pan is somewhat similar, but the revolving, heating surface is made up of steam-heated drums on a shaft, revolving in a pan having a semicylindrical well. The evaporating cone C of Lembeck, near Brussels, consists of a double-walled cone c c about 16 feet high, and heated by steam in the space intervening between the walls. Sirup from the cistern s flows by the faucet c′ into the funnel f, and thence is distributed by openings so as to run in a
Woolwich (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 5
ution of a metallic salt, which is decomposed by electrolytic action. Early in the present century, Volta demonstrated that a solution of a metallic salt, under the influence of the voltaic pile, became immediately reduced to its elements, in such a way that the metal was deposited at the negative pole. This was regarded as an interesting fact, of some moment to electricians, but not of special interest in the arts. Some curious experiments have lately been made by Mr. Cruickshank of Woolwich. On passing the galvanic influence by means of two silver wires through a solution of nitrat of silver, the upper wire became oxidated and gradually corroded, while at the same time a beautiful arborescent precipitation of metallic silver took place on the lower wire. Acetite of lead and sulphat of copper were similarly decomposed and precipitated on the lower wire. — Monthly Magazine, August, 1800. In 1801, Wallaston demonstrated that a piece of silver in connection with a more positi
Nuremberg (Bavaria, Germany) (search for this): chapter 5
ered with an asphaltum ground; the work is etched in, cutting away so much of the ground and exposing the stone. Acid is then applied, which eats away the stone, making a depression; this is inked, the asphaltum cleaned off, the clear spaces etched, and gummed as usual in the lithographic process. Etching-needle. A sharp-pointed instrument for scratching away the ground on a prepared plate, preparatory to the biting-in. Etching on glass. This art was invented by Schwanhard of Nuremberg, 1670, and originated in an accident to his spectacles, which became corroded by some drops of acid. Fluoric acid, discovered by Scheele, 1771, is now employed for corroding, or, as it is technically called, biting-in the etching. The glass is covered with a resinous ground, and the design marked by an etching-point, exposing the glass. The latter is then subjected to an acid, which acts upon the silicate and eats away the glass at these points, making depressions which constitute the e
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