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Pierre.Gardeur De St. Pierre (search for this): chapter 5
excessive rains and snows, by mire and swamps, while Washington's quick eye discerned all the richness of the meadows. At Waterford, the limit of his journey, he found Fort Le Boeuf defended by cannon. Around it stood the barracks of the soldiers, rude log-cabins, roofed with bark. Fifty birch-bark canoes, and one hundred and seventy boats of pine were already prepared chap. V.} 1753. for the descent of the river, and materials were collected for building more. The commander, Gardeur de St. Pierre, an officer of integrity La Galissoniere to the minister, 23 Oct. 1748. and experience, and, for his dauntless courage, both feared and beloved by the red men, refused to discuss questions of right. I am here, said he, by the orders of my general, to which I shall conform with exactness and resolution. And he avowed his purpose of seizing every Englishman within the Ohio valley. France was resolved on possessing the great territory which her missionaries and travellers had reve
Thomas Penn (search for this): chapter 5
complained, were in a republican way of thinking; but he confessed himself unable to bring them to order. The As- chap. V.} 1754. sembly of Virginia, pleading their want of means, single-handed, to answer all the ends designed, appealed to the royal beneficence. Virginia Address to the King. Knox, Controversy Reviewed, 129, 130. In England, it was the opinion of the greatest men, that the colonies should do something for themselves, and contribute jointly towards their defence. Penn to Hamilton, 29 Jan. 1754. H. Sharpe to Calvert, Secretary for Maryland in England, 3 May, 1754. The ministry as yet did nothing but order the independent companies, stationed at New York and at Charleston, to take part in defence of Western Virginia. Glen, the governor of South Carolina, proposed a meeting, in Virginia, of all the continental governors, to adjust a quota from each colony, to be employed on the Ohio. The Assembly of this Dominion, observed Dinwiddie, Dinwiddie to H. Shar
De la France (search for this): chapter 5
inents were invoked to weep for his fall. And at the very time when the name of Washington became known to France, the child was just born who was one day to stretch out his hand for the relief of America and the triumph of popular power and freedom. How many defeated interests bent over the grave of Jumonville! How many hopes clustered round the cradle of the infant Louis! See the last part of the last volume of Chateaubriand's Etudes Historiques, the Analyse Raisonnee de l'histoire de France. Quel est l'homme de cour ou d'academie, qui auroit voulu changer à cette époque son nom contre celui de ce planteur Americain, &c. &c. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chap. V.} 1754. chieftain, Monacawache, bore a scalp and a hatchet to each of the tribes of the Miamis, inviting their great war-chiefs and braves to go hand in hand with the Six Nations and the English. While Washington was looking wistfully for aid from the banks of the Muskingum, the Miami, and the
Hopkins (search for this): chapter 5
sures of defence, and to treat with the Six Nations and the tribes in their alliance. America had never seen an assembly so venerable for the States that were represented or for the great and chap. V.} 1754. able men who composed it. Every voice declared a union of all the colonies to be absolutely necessary. And, as a province might recede at will from an unratified covenant, the experienced Hutchinson, of Massachusetts, proud of having rescued that colony from thraldom to paper money, Hopkins, a patriot of Rhode Island, the wise and faithful Pitkin, of Connecticut, Tasker, of Maryland, the liberal Smith, of New York, and Franklin, the most benignant of statesmen, were deputed to prepare a constitution for a perpetual confederacy of the continent; but Franklin had already projected a plan, and had brought the heads of it with him. Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, III. 21. The representatives of the Six Nations assembled tardily, but urged union and action. They acce
Archibald Kennedy (search for this): chapter 5
or April, 1754. Smith's New York, II. 173. The Assembly of New Jersey would not even send commissioners to the congress at Albany. In the universal reluctance of the single colonies, all voices began to demand a union. A gentle land-tax, said Kennedy, through the press of New York and of London, a gentle land-tax, being the most equitable, must be our last resort. He looked forward with hope to the congress at Albany, but his dependence was on the parliament; for with parliament there wouldhundred and fifty self-willed, ungovernable men, was ordered to join him at the fork of the Ohio, to finish the fort already begun there by the Ohio Company; and to make prisoners, kill, or destroy all who interrupted the English settlements. Kennedy's Serious Considerations, 21, 23, &c. But as soon as spring opened the Western rivers, chap. V.} 1754. and before Washington could reach Will's Creek, the French, led by Contrecoeur, came down from Venango, and summoned the English at the F
Christopher Gist (search for this): chapter 5
in 1753, opened a road by Will's Creek, into the Western valley; and Gist established a plantation near the Youghiogeny, just beyond Laurel Hiddle of November, with an interpreter and four attendants, and Christopher Gist, as a guide, he left Will's Creek, and following the Indian tr his back, the day after Christmas quitted the usual path, and, with Gist for his sole companion, by aid of the compass, steered the nearest wt, missing him, became his prisoner. I would have killed him, wrote Gist, but Washington forbade. Dismissing their captive at night, they , and in the morning he found the river frozen. Not till he reached Gist's settlement, in January, 1754, were his toils lightened. 1754. Wwo o'clock till near sunrise. On the morning of the twenty-seventh, Gist arrived. He had seen the trail of the French within five miles of t road for about thirteen miles through the gorge in the mountains to Gist's settlement, and a party was clearing a path as far as the mouth of
Contrecoeur (search for this): chapter 5
, or destroy all who interrupted the English settlements. Kennedy's Serious Considerations, 21, 23, &c. But as soon as spring opened the Western rivers, chap. V.} 1754. and before Washington could reach Will's Creek, the French, led by Contrecoeur, came down from Venango, and summoned the English at the Fork to surrender. Only thirty-three in number, they, on the seventeenth of April, capitulated and withdrew. Contrecoeur occupied the post, which he fortified, and, from the governor oContrecoeur occupied the post, which he fortified, and, from the governor of New France, named Duquesne. The near forest-trees were felled and burned; cabins of bark, for barracks, were built round the fort, and at once, among the charred stumps, wheat and maize sprung up on the scorched fields where now is Pittsburgh. Come to our assistance as soon as you can; such was the message sent by the Half-King's wampum to Washington; come soon, or we are lost, and shall never meet again. I speak it in the grief of my heart. And a belt in reply announced the approach of
Henry Pelham (search for this): chapter 5
Chapter 5: Franklin plans union for the American people.— Pelham's administration continued. 1753-1754. New York offered no resistance to the progress chap. V.} 1753. of the French in America. From Virginia the Ohio Company, in 1753, opened a road by Will's Creek, into the Western valley; and Gist established a plantation near the Youghiogeny, just beyond Laurel Hill. Eleven families settled in his vicinity; a town and fort were marked out on Shurtee's Creek; but the British government did nothing to win the valley of the Ohio, leaving the feeble company exposed to the wavering jealousy of the red men, and without protection against the impending encroachments of France. The young men of the Six Nations had been hunting, in April, near the rapids of the St. Lawrence. Suddenly they beheld a large body of French and Indians, equipped for war, marching towards Ontario; and their two fleetest runners hurried through the forest as messengers to the grand council at Ononda
Tasker (search for this): chapter 5
nce. America had never seen an assembly so venerable for the States that were represented or for the great and chap. V.} 1754. able men who composed it. Every voice declared a union of all the colonies to be absolutely necessary. And, as a province might recede at will from an unratified covenant, the experienced Hutchinson, of Massachusetts, proud of having rescued that colony from thraldom to paper money, Hopkins, a patriot of Rhode Island, the wise and faithful Pitkin, of Connecticut, Tasker, of Maryland, the liberal Smith, of New York, and Franklin, the most benignant of statesmen, were deputed to prepare a constitution for a perpetual confederacy of the continent; but Franklin had already projected a plan, and had brought the heads of it with him. Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, III. 21. The representatives of the Six Nations assembled tardily, but urged union and action. They accepted the tokens of peace. They agreed to look upon Virginia and Carolina as also
T. Sedgwick (search for this): chapter 5
York and of London, a gentle land-tax, being the most equitable, must be our last resort. He looked forward with hope to the congress at Albany, but his dependence was on the parliament; for with parliament there would be no contending. And when their hands are in, he added, who knows but that they may lay the foundation of a regular government amongst us, by fixing a support for the officers of the crown, independent of chap. V.} 1754. an assembly? James Alexander, of New York, T. Sedgwick's Life of W. Livingston. the same who, with the elder William Smith, had limited the prerogative, by introducing the custom of granting but an annual support, thought that the British parliament should establish the duties for a colonial revenue, which the future American Grand Council, to be composed of deputies from all the provinces, should have no power to diminish. The royalist, Colden, saw no mode of obtaining the necessary funds but by parliamentary taxation; the members of the Gr
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