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California (California, United States) (search for this): chapter 7
noxidizable, soft metal. Its uses are for coin, plate, ornaments, and articles of luxury. Its principal sources are California, Australia, the western coast of Africa, and the Ural. It is a very widely disseminated metal, but is only found in par of from six to seven pounds is employed. Gold-min′ing. The different modes of collecting gold in the placers of California — and the same is true of some other places, Australia, for instance — are familiarly known as panning, winnowing, crader of pay dirt. Hydraulic-mining by jet and sluice-boxes has given rise to some of the greatest engineering works of California. A series of boxes about 14 inches in length and 3 feet wide, called sluice-boxes, are fitted together at the ends so eroga, by the American Graphite Company. A large deposit of the granulated graphite was supposed to have been found in California, and a favorable report was made upon it by one of the European savants, but there is no real graphite in the mixture; <
United States (United States) (search for this): chapter 7
lows. The wheeled frame, as used in the United States, is generally arranged with a tongue, so ahe face and back of the green backs of the United States, and it will be seen that the spaces and eut few establishments; the Treasury of the United States and the American Bank-Note Company for instan; windlass; winch; elevator. In the United States military service gins are divided into threylon it is in well-detined veins. In the United States and Canada it occurs in irregular veins anrks at Berea, Ohio, are the largest in the United States. The large grindstones employed in gs more the practice in Britain than in the United States to give several successive plowings to gro field is of silk, and has the arms of the United States embroidered in silk on a blue ground, withercussion lock and cap were adopted in the United States military service. The adaptation of the military purposes761410 Or751510 In the United States, sporting 781210 771310 In England, mil[8 more...]
Turquie (Turkey) (search for this): chapter 7
Among these the Newcastle stones, from the coal measures of Northumberland and the adjacent counties, have a pre-eminence in England for general purposes; others are used for grinding, while many varieties are employed as plane surfaces for whetstones. Other qualities are used for hones. A German variety is famous for this purpose. The very finest qualities, composed of an almost impalpable agglutinated powder, are used as oil-stones. Such are the Water of Ayr, and Blue stones, and the Turkey oil-stone. The old Royal exchange of London was pavel with this stone, and when it was burned, about 1834, the pavement yielded a handsome amount towards the re-erection. Grinding-wheels. The Nova Scotia and Berea, Ohio, grindstones are largely employed in this country; these may be obtained of very large size and uniform quality. The Washita, Arkansas, stone is of the very finest quality, being sharp and clean, and is made into a great variety of forms; grindstones, whetstones, hon
Redruth (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 7
siast, a mechanic. In 1726, Dr. Hales, in his work on Vegetable Statics, states that 158 grains of coal yield 180 cubic inches of gas. In 1750, Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, distilled coal, passed the gas through water, and conveyed it in pipes from one place to another. In 1786, Lord Dundonald erected ovens or retorts in which he distilled coal and tar, and burned the issuing gas. He seems to have considered it an amusing experiment, and no more. In 1792, Mr. Murdoch, of Redruth, Cornwall, England, erected a gas-distilling apparatus and lighted his house and offices by gas distributed through service-pipes. In 1798, Murdoch lighted with gas the works of Boulton and Watt, Soho, near Birmingham. On the occasion of a public rejoicing for peace, 1802, he made an illumination of the Works; probably an outside exhibition of his pet, on the walls of the establishment. Trafalgar, Austerlitz, and Jena, within four years afterwards, is a curious commentary. In 1801, Le Bon,
Alpine, Ga. (Georgia, United States) (search for this): chapter 7
es of the bearing-wheels to be dispensed with. No extra rail is introduced. The guide-rail gripped by horizontally rotating wheels, driven by the engine, the combination of wheels and center-rail forming the means of ascending gradients, is first found in the English patent of Vignolles and Ericsson, 1830. Sellers's United States patent, 1835, has a similar device, and it is also used by Fell on the White Mountain Railroad in New Hampshire and the Mt. Cenis Railway, which climbs the Alpine pass, connecting St. Michel on the French side with Susa on the Italian. A correspondent of the Hartford Courant thus describes it: — The carriages are about half the length of ours at home, with seats on each side, so that the passengers face each other as in an omnibus, and with windows at the sides, from which it is difficult to see out when one is squeezed in tight on the seat, with his back to them. The cars are also very narrow, the track being only three feet six or seven in
Berea, Ohio (Ohio, United States) (search for this): chapter 7
Blue stones, and the Turkey oil-stone. The old Royal exchange of London was pavel with this stone, and when it was burned, about 1834, the pavement yielded a handsome amount towards the re-erection. Grinding-wheels. The Nova Scotia and Berea, Ohio, grindstones are largely employed in this country; these may be obtained of very large size and uniform quality. The Washita, Arkansas, stone is of the very finest quality, being sharp and clean, and is made into a great variety of forms; griing. The stones are placed in a row, an iron rod and wooden axis through them, a wooden head at each end being jammed against the stones by nuts. Slats nailed to the wooden heads and hoops over the slats complete the package. The works at Berea, Ohio, are the largest in the United States. The large grindstones employed in grinding gunbarrels are 8 feet in diameter, and are used until they are reduced to a diameter of about 2 feet, when they are rejected. They are placed in a case wi
Piedmont (Italy) (search for this): chapter 7
ortion to be fritted: Carbonate of soda, 1.000; boracic acid, from Tuscany, 0.800; kaolin, 0.125; carbonate of line, 0.250; sulphate of lime, 0.250; crystallized felspar, 0.750; quartz from the Tessin, 0.280; fluate of lime, 0.150. Manganese of Piedmont is added to obtain the desired tint. The whole frit is ground fine, and then mixed with 110 parts of kaolin and 52 parts of felspar for every 460 parts of the above frit. It is applied as usual in glazing, but, as the specific gravity is less is said to have sent to the Athenians 2,100,000 medimni of grain from Theodosia (a town). A medimnus was about 1 1/2 bushels, English. A Sicilian bushel of wheat in the time of Polybius (150 B. c.) was worth, in Cisalpine Gaul, Lombardy, and Piedmont, 4 oboli per bushel, barley 2 oboli. The obolus was about 3 cents. The tavern price there for a good meal was 1/4 obolus. The granaries of the Romans were of several kinds, and were enumerated at 327. One kind was a building with heavy br
Austerlitz (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 7
considered it an amusing experiment, and no more. In 1792, Mr. Murdoch, of Redruth, Cornwall, England, erected a gas-distilling apparatus and lighted his house and offices by gas distributed through service-pipes. In 1798, Murdoch lighted with gas the works of Boulton and Watt, Soho, near Birmingham. On the occasion of a public rejoicing for peace, 1802, he made an illumination of the Works; probably an outside exhibition of his pet, on the walls of the establishment. Trafalgar, Austerlitz, and Jena, within four years afterwards, is a curious commentary. In 1801, Le Bon, of Paris, lighted his house and garden, and proposed to light the city of Paris. The English periodicals of 1803 and thereabout refer to the proposition of Murdoch to use the gas obtained by the distillation of coal, and state that the use of the gas for light, heat, ammonia, or oil would be an infringement of the patent of the Earl of Dundonald; farther, that the amount of water produced by the combin
Arabian Gulf (search for this): chapter 7
manner. At the upper end are scales adapted to the width of the back and the hight of the shoulder. Garment-measurer. Gar′net. 1. (Nautical.) A sort of purchase. Fixed to the main-stay as a hoisting-in tackle, but useful in other positions indicated by names, such as clew-garnet, etc. 2. A hinge of Tshape, the crossbar being attached to the hanging stile or post. Gar′nish-bolt. （Building.) A bolt having a chamfered or faceted head. Ga-rook′uh. A vessel of the Persian Gulf, having a length of from 50 to 100 feet, a short keel, and a long overhanging prow and stern. Gar′ret. An upper apartment of a house, immediately under the roof. Gar′ret-ing. Small splinters of stone inserted in the joints of coarse masonry. Gar′rot. （Surgical.) A tourniquet formed of a band and a stick, the former being twisted by the revolution of the latter. Gar-rote′. A Spanish instrument of execution. The victim is fastened by an iron collar to a
Honan (China) (search for this): chapter 7
t of which was 176.89 feet. The gnomon of the sun-dial of Delhi takes the form of an elevated staircase. See dial. The gnomon or style of a horizontal dial has an edge parallel to the axis of the earth, and makes with the horizontal plane of the dial-plate an angle equal to the latitude of the place. The gnomon was anciently used in China for astronomical purposes, but this people did not excel in dialing. A measurement of the length of the solstitial shadow, made by Tschea-Kung, at Loyang, on the Yellow River, 1200 B. C., was found by Laplace (quoted by Humboldt in Cosmos, Val. 11. p. 1151 to accord perfectly with the present accepted theory of the change in the obliquity of the ecliptic. The sun-dial and the gnomon, with the division of the day into twelve parts, were received by the Greeks from the Babylonians. Herodotus, 2. 109. Eubulus, the comie poet, quoted by Athenaeus, who wrote about A. D. 220, says: — We have invited two unequalled men, Philo-crates and
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