Euclid, Elements
J. L. Heiberg, Ed.

Ἐκκείσθωσαν τρεῖς ῥηταὶ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι αἱ
5α, Β, Γ, ὥστε τὴν Α τῆς Γ μεῖζον δύνασθαι τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καὶ τῷ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Α, Β ἴσον ἔστω τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Δ. μέσον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Δ: καὶ ἡ Δ ἄρα μέση ἐστίν. τῷ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν Β, Γ ἴσον
10ἔστω τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Δ, Ε. καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Α, Β πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Β, Γ, οὕτως ἡ Α πρὸς τὴν Γ, ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Α, Β ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Δ, τῷ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν Β, Γ ἴσον τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Δ, Ε, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ Α πρὸς τὴν Γ,
15οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Δ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Δ, Ε. ὡς δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Δ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Δ, Ε, οὕτως ἡ Δ πρὸς τὴν Ε: καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ Α πρὸς τὴν Γ, οὕτως ἡ Δ πρὸς τὴν Ε: σύμμετρος δὲ ἡ Α τῇ Γ δυνάμει μόνον. σύμμετρος ἄρα καὶ ἡ Δ τῇ Ε δυνάμει μόνον. μέση δὲ ἡ Δ: μέση ἄρα καὶ ἡ Ε. καὶ ἐπεί
20ἐστιν ὡς ἡ Α πρὸς τὴν Γ, ἡ Δ πρὸς τὴν Ε, ἡ δὲ Α τῆς Γ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καὶ ἡ Δ ἄρα τῆς Ε μεῖζον δυνήσεται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ. λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ μέσον ἐστὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Δ, Ε. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Β, Γ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν Δ, Ε, μέσον δὲ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Β, Γ
25αἱ γὰρ Β, Γ ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι, μέσον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Δ, Ε.

Εὕρηνται ἄρα δύο μέσαι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι αἱ Δ, Ε μέσον περιέχουσαι, ὥστε τὴν μείζονα τῆς ἐλάσσονος μεῖζον δύνασθαι τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ.
30

ὁμοίως δὴ πάλιν δειχθήσεται καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου, ὅταν ἡ Α τῆς Γ μεῖζον δύνηται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ.

λῆμμα

ἔστω τρίγωνον ὀρθογώνιον τὸ ΑΒΓ ὀρθὴν ἔχον τὴν
35α, καὶ ἤχθω κάθετος ἡ ΑΔ: λέγω, ὅτι τὸ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΒΔ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΑ, τὸ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓΔ ἴσον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΑ, καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΔ, ΔΓ ἴσον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΔ, καὶ ἔτι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, ΑΔ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΑ, ΑΓ.
40

καὶ πρῶτον, ὅτι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΒΔ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΑ.

ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἐν ὀρθογωνίῳ τριγώνῳ ἀπὸ τῆς ὀρθῆς γωνίας ἐπὶ τὴν βάσιν κάθετος ἦκται ἡ ΑΔ, τὰ ΑΒΔ, ΑΔΓ ἄρα τρίγωνα ὅμοιά ἐστι τῷ τε ὅλῳ
45τῷ ΑΒΓ καὶ ἀλλήλοις. καὶ ἐπεὶ ὅμοιόν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒΓ τρίγωνον τῷ ΑΒΔ τριγώνῳ, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΓΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΑ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΑ πρὸς τὴν ΒΔ: τὸ ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΒΔ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ.
50

διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓΔ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ.

καὶ ἐπεί, ἐὰν ἐν ὀρθογωνίῳ τριγώνῳ ἀπὸ τῆς ὀρθῆς γωνίας ἐπὶ τὴν βάσιν κάθετος ἀχθῇ, ἡ ἀχθεῖσα τῶν τῆς βάσεως τμημάτων μέση ἀνάλογόν ἐστιν, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς
55ἡ ΒΔ πρὸς τὴν ΔΑ, οὕτως ἡ ΑΔ πρὸς τὴν ΔΓ: τὸ ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΔ, ΔΓ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΔΑ.

λέγω, ὅτι καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, ΑΔ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΑ, ΑΓ. ἐπεὶ γάρ, ὡς ἔφαμεν, ὅμοιόν ἐστι τὸ ΑΒΓ τῷ ΑΒΔ, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς τὴν ΓΑ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΑ
60πρὸς τὴν ΑΔ. ἐὰν δὲ τέσσαρες εὐθεῖαι ἀνάλογον ὦσιν, τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ἄκρων ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν μέσων. τὸ ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΓ, ΑΔ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΑ, ΑΓ: ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.