DECLENSION OF PARTICIPLES
[*] 300. Like
ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν are inflected all the participles of the middle, and the future passive participle.
[*] 301. Participles of the active voice (except the perfect,
309), and the aorist passive participle have stems in
ντ. The masculine and neuter follow the third declension, the feminine follows the first declension.
a. Most stems in
οντ make the nom. sing. masc. without
ς, like
γέρων (
243). But stems in
οντ in the present and second aorist of
μι-verbs (
διδούς, δούς), and all stems in
αντ, εντ, υντ, add
ς, lose
ντ (
100), and lengthen the preceding vowel (
-ους, -α_ς, -εις, -υ_ς,
37). In like manner the dat. pl. is formed:
-οντ-σι ῀ -ουσι, etc.
N.—The stem of participles in
-ων, -οντος was originally
ωντ. γέρων was orignally a participle.
b. The nominative neuter of all participles drops final
τ of the stem (
133).
c. The perfect active participle (stem
οτ) has
-ως in the masculine,
-ος in the neuter.
-ως and
-ος are for
-ϝωτ-ς, -ϝοτ-ς.
d. The feminine singular is made by adding
[ιγλιδε]α to the stem. Thus,
λύ_ουσα (
λυ_οντ-[ιγλιδε]α),
οὗσα (
ὀντ-[ιγλιδε]α),
ἱστᾶσα (
ἱσταντ-[ιγλιδε]α),
τιθεῖσα (
τιθεντ-[ιγλιδε]α). The perfect adds
-υ（
ς）
-[ιγλιδε]α, as in
εἰδ-υῖα.
[*] 302. The vocative of all participles is the same as the nominative.
[*] 303. Participles in
-ων, -α_ς, -εις, -ους, -υ_ς frequently use the masculine for the feminine in the dual.
[*] 304. The accent of monosyllabic participles is an exception to 252:
ὤν, ὄντος (not
ὀντός),
στά_ς, στάντος.
[*] 305. Participles in
-ων, -ουσα, -ον (
ω-verbs):
λύ_ων loosing (stem
λυ_οντ-),
ὤν being (stem
ὀντ-).
So are inflected
παιδεύων educating,
γράφων writing,
φέρων bearing.
a. All participles in
-ων are inflected like
λύ_ων, those in
-ών having the accent of
ὤν, ὄντος, etc.; as
λιπών, λιποῦσα, λιπόν having left. Such participles are from
ω-verbs, in which
ο is a part of the tense suffix.
b. Like participles are declined the adjectives
ἑκών, ἑκοῦσα, ἑκόν willing,
ἄ_κων, ἄ_κουσα, ἆ_κον unwilling (for
ἀέκων, etc.), G.
ἄ_κοντος, ἀ_κούσης, ἄ_κοντος.
[*] 305 D. In the feminine of participles from stems in
οντ, αντ (
306), Aeolic has
-οισα, -αισα (
λύ_οισα. λύ_σαισα), and
-αις in the masculine (
λύ_σαις).
[*] 306. Participles in
-α_ς, -α_σα, -αν:
λύ_σα_ς having loosed,
ἱστά_ς setting.
So are declined
παιδεύσα_ς having educated,
στήσα_ς having set.
[*] 307. Participles in
-εις, -εισα, -εν; -ους, -ουσα, -ον (
μι-verbs):
τιθείς placing, διδούς giving.
So are inflected
θείς having placed,
παιδευθείς having been educated,
λυθείς having been loosed,
δούς having given.
a. In participles with stems in
οντ of
μι-verbs the
ο belongs to the verb-stem.
[*] 308. Participles in
-υ_ς, -υ_σα, -υν:
δεικνύ_ς showing, φύ_ς born.
[*] 309. Perfect active participles in
-ως, -υια, -ος:
λελυκώς having loosed, εἰδώς knowing.
So are inflected
πεπαιδευκώς, πεπαιδευκυῖα, πεπαιδευκός having educated; γεγονώς, γεγονυῖα, γεγονός born.
a. ἑστώς standing (contracted from
ἑσταώς) is inflected
ἑστώς, ἑστῶσα, ἑστός, G.
ἑστῶτος (with irregular accent, from
ἑσταότος),
ἑστώσης, ἑστῶτος; pl. N.
ἑστῶτες, ἑστῶσαι, ἑστῶτα, G.
ἑστώτων, ἑστωσῶν. So
τεθνεώς, τεθνεῶσα, τεθνεός dead.
[*] 309 a. D. Hom. has
ἑσταώς, ἑσταῶσα, ἑσταός, G.
ἑσταότος, etc., Hdt.
ἑστεώς, ἑστεῶσα, ἑστεός, G.
ἑστεῶτος, etc. Some editions have
ἑστεῶτα in Hom.
N.—
ἑστός (the usual spelling in the neut. nom.) has
-ός (not
-ώς) in imitation of
εἰδός and of forms in
-κός, thus distinguishing the neuter from the masculine.
[*] 310.
Contracted Participles.—The present participle of verbs in
-αω, -εω, -οω, and the future participle of liquid verbs (
401) and of Attic futures (
538) are contracted.
τι_μῶν honouring, ποιῶν making, are thus declined:
a. The present participle of
δηλῶ (
δηλόω)
manifest is inflected like
ποιῶν: thus,
δηλῶν, δηλοῦσα, δηλοῦν, G.
δηλοῦντος, δηλούσης, δηλοῦντος, etc.
[*] 310 D. Aeolic has also
τί_μαις, ποίεις, δήλοις from
τί_μα_μι, ποίημι, δήλωμι.
