COLUMNA M. AURELII ANTONINI
the column erected between 176 and
193 A.D. to commemorate the victories of Marcus Aurelius over the
Marcomanni and Sarmatians in 172-175 (Aur. Vict. Caes. 16:
patres ac
vulgus soli omnia decrevere templa columnas sacerdotes; Ep. 16:
ob
cuius honorem templa columnae multaque alia decreta sunt) on the
west side of the via Lata, opposite the campus Agrippae; it is still
standing. An inscription (
CIL vi. 1585) found near its west side records
the building of a separate lodge for the procurator of the column in
August-September, 193. In this inscription the column is called
columna
centenaria divorum Marci et Faustinae, columna divi Marci, columna
Centenaria, and columna centenaria divi Marci; and in Reg. (Reg. IX)
columna Cochlis, either because of the spiral band of relief surrounding
it (cf. Cels. 8. 10. 1:
fascia circa fracturam ter voluta sursum versum
feratur et quasi in cochleam serpat), or because of the spiral staircase
in the interior (cf. Thes. Ling. Lat. s.v. for the use of cochlea in this sense,
both literally and metaphorically), as Isid. Orig. 15. 2. 38 suggests. It
was called centenaria because it was one hundred feet high.
This monument was more carefully preserved than most of those in
Rome, having been given in the tenth century by Popes Agapetus II and
John XII to the Benedictines of S. Silvestro in capite, with the little church
of S. Andrea de Columna
1 (HCh 182, 183), but it suffered somewhat from
fire and earthquake. In the sixteenth century repairs were made by the
municipal authorities, and also by Sixtus V in 1589 and the following
year, when Fontana, his architect, placed on top of the column the present
statue of St. Paul. He also chiselled off from the pedestal what remained
of the reliefs on its four sides-sacrificial scenes with Victories and garlands-and encased its upper part, above ground, with marble, some of
which came from the Septizonium (
LS iii. 146-149). The dedicatory
inscription had long ago disappeared, and is not recorded by any author.
The column is a direct imitation of that of Trajan, the height of shaft,
torus, and capital being the same, 100 Roman feet (29.77 metres), but
tapers less and therefore seems more massive. The shaft itself, 26.50
metres in height and 3.90 in diameter, is composed of 26 rings of Luna
marble. It is hollow, and contains a spiral stairway with 200 steps.
The interior is lighted by 56 rectangular loop-holes. Therefore the
statement of Reg. (Reg. IX:
columnam cochlidem altam pedes CLXXV. s,
gradus intus habet CCIII, fenestras LVI) is incorrect in its first two items.
The shaft stands on a plinth and torus decorated with oak leaves, 1.385
metres high, and its capital is 1.5 metres in height and of the Doric
order. The exterior of the shaft is adorned with reliefs arranged in a
spiral band which returns upon itself twenty-one times. These reliefs
represent scenes in the campaigns of Aurelius and correspond to those
on the column of Trajan, but are inferior in execution (for the explanation
of these columns as book-rolls, see Birt, quoted under
FORUM TRAIANI).
It is probable that the temple of Aurelius (see
DIVUS MARCUS, TEMPLUM)
stood just west of the column, and that both were surrounded by a
porticus (for column and reliefs, see the definitive work of Petersen,
Domaszewski und Calderini, Die Marcussaule auf piazza Colonna,
Munich 1896; and S.Sculpt. 273-291;
AA 1896, 2-18;
PBS v. 181;
HJ 606-607; Zeitsch. f. Ethnologie, 1915, 75-91;
AJA 1918, 213;
DuP 119-121; SScR 263-279; ASA 122.