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πα^ρά [ρα^], Ep. and Lyr. also παραί : shortd. πάρ , in Hom., Lyr. (but rarely in Trag., in lyr. passages, A.Supp.553, S.Tr.636), and in all dial ects exc. Att., GDI5434.8 (Paros), IG5(2).3.14 (Tegea, iv B. C.), Inscr.Magn.26.28 (Thess.), etc.:—Prep. c. gen., dat., and acc., prop.
A.beside: hence,
A. WITH GEN. prop. denoting motion from the side of, from beside, from:
II. commonly of Persons,
2. issuing from a person, γίγνεσθαι π. τινός to be born from, Pl.Smp.179b; λόγος (sc. ἐστί π. Ἀθηναίων c. acc. et inf., Hdt.8.55: freq. following a Noun, δόξα π. τῶν ἀνθρώπων glory from (given by) men, Pl.Phdr.232a; π. τινὸς εὔνοια the favour from, i. e. of, any one, X.Mem.2.2.12; τὸ παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ ἀδίκημα done by me, Id.Cyr.5.5.13; τὰ π. τινός all that issues from any one, as commands, commissions, Id.An.2.3.4, etc.; or promises, gifts, presents, Id.Mem.3.11.13; τὰ παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ my opinions, Pl.Smp.219a; παρ᾽ ἑωυτοῦ διδούς giving from oneself, i. e. from one's own means, Hdt. 2.129, 8.5; “παρ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ προσετίθειX.HG6.1.3; νόμον θὲς παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ by my advice, Pl.Prt.322d; αὐτοὶ παρ᾽ αὑτῶν of themselves, Id.Tht. 150d, cf. Phdr.235c.
IV. π. τῆς συγχωρήσεώς τινος without his consent, BCH46.337 (Teos).
B. WITH DAT. denoting rest by the side of any person or thing, answering the question where?
III. Arc., = π. c. gen., from, “καθὰ εἶχον τὰς ἰντολὰς π. τᾷ ἰδίᾳ πόλιSIG559.9 (Megalop., iii B. C.), cf. 558.10 (Ithaca, iii B. C.).
C. WITH ACCUS. in three main senses,
I. beside, near, by,
II. along,
III. past, beyond.
I. beside, near, by:
1. with Verbs of coming, going, etc., to the side of, to, “ἴτην π. νῆαςIl.1.347, cf. 8.220, etc.; “βῆ . . π. θῖνα1.34, cf. 327, etc.; τρέψας πὰρ ποταμόν to the side of . . , 21.603, cf. 3.187: more freq. of persons, εἶμι παρ᾽ Ἥφαιστον to the chamber of H., 18.143, cf. Od.1.285, etc.; “ἐσιόντες π. τοὺς φίλουςTh.2.51, etc.; “φοιτᾶν π. τὸν ΣωκράτηPl.Phd.59d; πέμπειν ἀγγέλους, πρέσβεις π. τινά, Hdt. 1.141, Th.1.58, etc.; “ἄγειν π. τινάHdt.1.86; “καταφυγὴ π. φίλων τινάςTh.2.17.
2. with Verbs of rest, beside, near, by, sts. with ref. to past motion (expressed in such phrases as “ἧσο παρ᾽ αὐτὸν ἰοῦσαIl.3.406, cf. 11.577), “ἔς ῥα θρόνους ἕζοντο παρ᾽ Ἀτρεΐδην ΜενέλαονOd.4.51, cf. 13.372; κεῖται ποταμοῖο παρ᾽ ὄχθας lies stretched beside . . , Il.4.487, cf. 12.381; παρ᾽ ἔμ᾽ ἵστασο come and stand by me, 11.314, cf. 592, 20.49, etc.; “π. πυθμέν᾽ ἐλαίης θῆκανOd.13.122; “καταθέτω π. τὰ ἴκριαIG12.94.28; κοιμήσαντο π. πρυμνήσια they lay down by . . , Od.12.32, cf. 3.460; “ παρ᾽ ἐμὲ καθήμενοςPl.Euthd.271b, cf. Phd.89b; ἐκάθητο π. τὴν πύλην, π. τὴν ὁδόν, LXX Ge.19.1, Ev.Marc. 10.46; “παρ᾽ αὐτὸν τὸν καλέσαντα κατακείμενος δειπνῆσαιThphr.Char. 21.2, cf. Pl.Smp.175c; “ἐκαθέζετο π. τὸν ΛύσινId.Ly.211a, cf. R.328c; “στὰς παρ᾽ αὐτόνId.Phd.116c; “τέμενος νεμόμεσθα . . παρ᾽ ὄχθαςIl.12.313, cf. 6.34, IG12.943.45; “τοῦ Εὐρίπου, παρ᾽ ὃν ᾤκειAeschin.3.90; “κατελείφθη π. τὸν νηόνHdt.4.87; “τὴν παρ᾽ ἐμὲ ἐοῦσαν δύναμινId.8.140.ά (v.l. ἐμοί)“; εἶπεν αὐτῷ μένειν παρ᾽ ἑαυτόνX.Cyr.1.4.18, cf. An.1.9.31, Ar.Fr.451, Is.8.16, Alex.248, Demetr.Com. Nov.1.5, IG22.654.23 (iii B. C.), Plb.3.26.1, 11.14.3, 28.14.3; “ π. θάλασσαν ΜακεδονίαTh.2.99, cf. S.El.184 (lyr.), Tr.636 (lyr.); “Καρβασυανδῆς π. ΚαῦνονIG12.204.52; “τὸ κουρεῖον τὸ π. τοὺς ἙρμᾶςLys.23.3, cf. And.1.62, Is.6.20, 8.35, Aeschin. 1.182, 3.88, Lycurg.112; “τᾶς παστάδος τᾶς παρ᾽ ἈπόλλωναIG42 (1).109 iii 146 (Epid.); παρ᾽ ὄμμα before one's eyes, E.Supp.484; π. πόδας on the spot, Phld.Ir.p.78 W., Rh.2.2 S.; immediately thereafter, Plb.1.7.5, 1.8.2, al.
b. Dor., Boeot., and Thess., = supr. B. 11.2, at the house of . . , with a person, IG7.3171.7 (Orchom. Boeot.), GDI 1717 (Delph.); παρ᾽ ἁμὲ πολυτίματος [ὁ σῖτος] Ar.Ach.759 (Megar.); “τοῖς κατοικέντεσσι πὰρ ἀμμέIG9(2).517.18 (Larissa, iii B. C.); τοῖ πὰρ ἀμμὲ πολιτεύματος ib.13; “πεπολιτευκὼρ πὰρ ἁμέSchwyzer 425.5 (Elis, iii/ii B. C.): so in Att., θέμενος π. γυναῖκας depositing with . . , Pl. R.465c.
b. Geom., παραβάλλειν π. apply an area to (i. e. along) a finite straight line, Euc.1.44, Archim.Aequil.2.1; “π. τὴν δοθεῖσαν αὐτοῦ γραμμὴν παρατείνανταPl. Men.87a; [εὐθεῖα] παρ᾽ ἣν δύνανται αἱ καταγόμεναι τεταγμένως the line to which are applied the squares of the or dinates, etc., Apollon. Perg.Con.1.11: hence,
c. Arith., παραβάλλειν τι π. τι divide by . . (v. “παραβάλλωA. VII. 2); “μερίζω τι π. τιDioph.4.33; ἐπὶ γ́ π. ί multiply by 3 and divide by 10, PLond.5.1718.2 (vi A. D.).
5. Geom., parallel to . . , Democr.155, Arist. Top.158b31, Archim.Sph. Cyl.1.12, al.
6. metaph. in Gramm., like, as a parody of . . , π. τὸ Σοφόκλειον, π. τὰ ἐν Τεύκρῳ Σοφοκλέους, Sch.Ar.Av.1240, Nu.584.
7. generally, of Comparison, alongside of, compared with, usu. implying superiority, “δοκέοντες π. ταῦτα οὐδ᾽ ἂν τοὺς σοφωτάτους ἀνθρώπων Αἰγυπτίους οὐδὲν ἐπεξευρεῖνHdt.2.160, cf. 7.20, 103; “ἡλίου ἐκλείψεις αἳ πυκνότεραι π. τὰ ἐκ τοῦ πρὶν χρόνου μνημονευόμενα ξυνέβησανTh.1.23, cf. 4.6; “τῶν ἁπάντων ἀπερίοπτοί εἰσι π. τὸ νικᾶνId.1.41; “π. τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα ὥσπερ θεοὶ ἄνθρωποι βιοτεύουσιX.Mem.1.4.14; “φαίνεται π. τὸ ἀλγεινὸν ἡδὺ καὶ π. τὸ ἡδὺ ἀλγεινὸν ἡσυχίαPl.R.584a, cf. Phdr.236d, La.183c, al.; “εὐδαίμων μᾶλλον π. πάνταςBCH26.332 (Halae); “προετέρει π. πάνταςPSI 4.422.34 (iii B. C.): sts. implying inferiority or defect, ἠλάττωσας αὐτὸν βραχύ τι παρ᾽ ἀγγέλους a little lower than the angels, LXX Ps. 8.6; μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ ὑστεροῦσι π. τὸν ἥλιον lag one day behind the sun, Gem.8.19; so perh. παρ᾽ αὐτόν, ὑπὲρ αὐτόν (has passed the ball?) short of him, beyond him, Antiph.234; μέγα τοι ἡμέρα παρ᾽ ἡμέραν γιγνομένη γνώμην ἐξ ὀργῆς μεταστῆσαι one day compared with another is important . . , a day's delay makes a difference, Antipho 5.72; τί γὰρ παρ᾽ ἦμαρ ἡμέρα τέρπειν ἔχει προσθεῖσα κἀναθεῖσα τοῦ γε κατθανεῖν; what joy has one day compared with another to offer, since it only brings us nearer to, or farther from, death (which is neither good nor evil)? S.Aj.475; ὃς μὲν κρίνει (prefers) ἡμέραν παρ᾽ ἡμέραν, ὃς δὲ κρίνει (approves) “πᾶσαν ἡμέρανEp.Rom.14.5.
b. in Accountancy, without a verb, π. τὴν καταλλαγήν on account of κ., PHib.1.100.4 (iii B. C.).
9. of correspondence, ὀφείλειν στατῆρα π. στατῆρα stater for stater (one to each of two creditors), BCH50.214 (Thasos, v B. C.); “πληγὴν π. πληγὴν ἑκάτερονAr.Ra.643; συνεῖναι ἑκατέρῳ ἡμέραν παρ᾽ ἡμέραν stayed day for day with each, D.59.46; hence of alternation, ποιεῖσθαι ἁγνείας καὶ θυσίας δύο π. δύο, of four priests acting two and two alternately, BGU1198.12 (i B. C.); τοῦ καθημερινοῦ μίαν π. μίαν (sc. ἡμέραν [πυρετοῦ] quotidian or tertian fever, ib.956.3 (iii A. D.): sts. without doubling of the Noun, παρ᾽ ἡμέρην, opp. καθ᾽ ἡμέρην, tertian, opp. quotidian, Hp.Aph.1.12; καθ᾽ ἡμέραν, παρ᾽ ἡμέραν, π. δύο, π. τρεῖς every day, every second day, every third (fourth) day, Arr.Epict.2.18.13; π. μίαν every second day, Plb.3.110.4; παρ᾽ ἐνιαυτόν every second year, Plu.Cleom.15; παρ᾽ ἔτος year and year about, Arist.GA757a7; every second year, Paus.8.15.2; π. μέρος by turns (v. μέρος II. 2); “ ἀνὰ μέρος παρ᾽ ἓξ μῆνας ὑπὲρ γῆν τε καὶ ὑπὸ γῆν γινόμενος ἌδωνιςCorn. ND28; π. μῆνα τρίτον every third month, Arist.HA582b4, cf. Plu.2.942e; but π. τρία [ἔτεα] prob. every fourth year, IG5(2).422 (Phigalea), cf. Arr.Epict. l.c.; ἕνα παρ᾽ ἕνα παραλειπτέον every second one, Nicom.Ar.1.18; ἕνα π. δύο τρεῖς) every third (fourth) one, ibid.; παρὰ δ᾽ ἄλλαν ἄλλα μοῖρα διώκει now one now another, E.Heracl. 611.
c. παρ᾽ ἆμαρ on (this) day, to-day, τὸ μὲν πὰρ ἆμαρ, τὸ δέ . . to-day and to-morrow, Pi.P.11.63; but παρ᾽ ἦμαρ to-morrow, S. OC1455 (lyr.).
d. throughout a period of time, “π. τὴν ζόηνHdt. 7.46; “π. τὸν βίον ἅπανταPl.Lg.733a; “π. πάντα τὸν χρόνονD.18.10; also more loosely, during, π. τὴν πόσιν while they were drinking, Hdt.2.121.“δ́; π. τὸν πότονAeschin.2.156; “π. τὴν κύλικαPlu.Ant.24; π. δεῖπνον or π. τὸ δεῖπνον, Id.2.737a,674f.
2. strictly according to, without deviating from, “εἶμι π. στάθμην ὀρθὴν ὁδόνThgn. 945, cf. S.Fr.474.5; ὠμοί τε δούλοις πάντα καὶ π. στάθμην, i.e. too strict, A.Ag.1045; π. τὸν λόγον ὃν ἀποφέρουσιν . . ἐπιδείξω I will prove to you strictly according to the accounts which they themselves submit, D.27.34.
3. metaph., in excess over, πὰρ δύναμιν beyond one's strength, Il.13.787, cf. Th.1.70, Hyp.Lyc.16, Arist.Rh.Al.1423b29; “π. τὴν δ.Id.Po.1451b38.
5. π. τοσοῦτον ἦλθε κινδύνου, = παρῆλθε τοσοῦτον κινδύνου, passed over so much ground within the sphere of danger, i.e. incurred such imminent peril, Id.3.49, cf. 7.2; in such phrases the tmesis was forgotten, and the acc. came to be governed by παρά, which thus came to mean 'by such and such a margin', 'with so much to spare', ἐνίκησαν π. πολύ, ἡσσηθέντες π. πολύ, Id.1.29, 2.89, cf. Pl. Ap.36a; παρὰ δ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀπέφυγες only just, E.IT870 (lyr.); “παρ᾽ ὀλίγον διέφευγον ἀπώλλυντοTh.7.71; δεινότατον π. πολύ by far, Ar.Pl. 445; παρ᾽ ὅσον quatenus, Luc.Nec.17, etc.; π. δύο ψήφους ἀπέφυγε by two votes, Hyp.Eux.28, cf. D.23.205; “π. τέτταρας ψήφους μετέσχε τῆς πόλεωςIs.3.37; π. τοσοῦτον ἐγένετο αὐτῷ μὴ περιπεσεῖν by so much (= little) he missed falling in with . . , Th.8.33; π. πέντε ναῦς πλέον ἀνδρὶ ἑκάστῳ τρεῖς ὀβολοὶ ὡμολογήθησαν ib.29; οὐ π. μικρὸν ἐποίησαν they made no little difference, Isoc.4.59.
b. in phrases like π. τοσοῦτον ἦλθε κινδύνου, τοσοῦτον was sts. understood of the interval from danger, etc., and παρά came to mean 'by so much short of' (“τὸ π. μικρὸν ὥσπερ οὐδὲν ἀπέχειν δοκεῖArist.Ph.197a29), within such and such a distance of, so near to, τὴν Ἠϊόνα π. νύκτα ἐγένετο (sc. αὐτῷ λαβεῖν he was within one night of taking E., Th.4.106; π. μικρὸν ἦλθον ἀποθανεῖν I came within a little of . . , Isoc. 19.22, cf. Plb.1.43.7, Plu. Caes. 39; παρ᾽ ἐλάχιστον ἦλθε . . ἀφελέσθαι was within an ace of taking away, Th.8.76; παρ᾽ οὐδὲν μὲν ἦλθον ἀποκτεῖναι (were within a mere nothing, within an ace of killing him), “ἐξεκήρυξαν δ᾽ ἐκ πόλεωςAeschin. 3.258, cf. Plu.Pyrrh. 14, Alex.62; π. τοσοῦτον ἦλθε διαφυγεῖν so near he came to escaping, Luc.Cat.4; “παρὰ ἓν πάλαισμα ἔδραμε νικᾶν ὈλυμπιάδαHdt.9.33; “παρ᾽ οὐδὲν ἐλθόντες τοῦ ἀποβαλεῖνPlb.1.45.14, cf. 2.55.4, D.S.17.42: hence without ἐγένετο or ἐλθεῖν, π. μίαν μονάδα (less) by one, i.e. less one, Nicom.Ar.1.8; τεσσαράκοντα π. μίαν, = 39, 2 Ep.Cor.11.24; παρ᾽ ἕνα τοσοῦτοι the same number less one, Plu. Publ.9; σύ μοι παρ᾽ ἕνα ἥκεις ἄγων you have brought me one too few, Luc.Cat.4; “δύναται π. δύο συλλαβὰς εἶναι τὸ καταληκτόνHeph.4.2; τὰ ὁλοκόττινα ηὑρέθησαν π. ἑπτὰ κεράτια seven carats short, PMasp.70.2 (vi A. D.); πάντες παρ᾽ ἕνα, πάντες παρ᾽ ὀλίγους, all save one (a few), Plu.Cat.Mi.20, Ant.5; “ἔτη δύο π. ἡμέρας δύοIG5(1).801 (Laconia); of one Μάρκος, θηρίον εἶ π. γράμμα you are a bear (ἄρκος) all but a letter, AP11.231 (Ammian.); ὡς π. τι καὶ τὰς ὄψεις ἀφανίσαι so that he all but (lit. less something) lost his sight, Vett.Val.228.6; π. τι βυθίζεσθαι v.l. in Ev.Luc.5.7; τὸ π. τοῦτο the figure less that, i.e. the remainder or difference, PTeb.99.10 (ii B. C.), cf. POxy.264.4 (i A. D.), PAmh.2.148.5 (v A. D.); hence of any difference whether of excess or defect, οὐδὲν π. τοῦτο ποιούμενοι τοὺς . . Λευκανούς τε καὶ τοὺς . . Σαυνίτας making no difference between . . , Str.6.1.3, cf. 14.5.11, Plu.2.24c.
6. hence of the margin by which anything increases or decreases, and so of the cause according to which anything comes into existence or varies, “τὸ εὖ π. μικρὸν διὰ πολλῶν ἀριθμῶν γίνεταιPolyclit.2 (cf. μικρός III. 5 c); διαφέρει π. τὰς τῶν παθημάτων ἐναντιώσεις according to . . , Arist.HA486b5; “μεταπίπτει π. τὰ κλίματαGem. 5.29, cf. 11.5, al.; π. τὰ πράγματα cj. in Apollod.Car.11.
7. more generally of the margin by which an event occurs, i.e. of the necessary and sufficient cause or motive (“τὸ μὴ π. τοῦτο γίνεσθαι τότε λέγομεν, ὅταν ἀναιρεθέντος τούτου μηδὲν ἧττον περαίνηται συλλογισμός Arist.APr.65b6, cf. 48a24, al.), κεινὰν π. δίαιταν just for the sake of unsatisfying food, Pi.O.2.65; ἕκαστος οὐ π. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀμέλειαν οἴεται βλάψειν each thinks that his own negligence will not suffice to cause injury, Th.1.141, cf. Isoc.3.48; π. τὴν αὑτοῦ ἁμαρτίαν all through his own fault, Antipho 3.4.5, cf. Isoc.6.52, D.4.11, 18.232; πολλὰ . . ἐστιν αἴτια τούτων, καὶ οὐ παρ᾽ ἓν οὐδὲ δύ᾽ εἰς τοῦτο τὰ πράγματ᾽ ἀφῖκται not from one or two causes only, Id.9.2; οὐ π. τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστι it does not follow that it is not . . , 1 Ep.Cor.12.15; π. τὸ τὴν ἀρίθμησιν ποιήσασθαι ἐξ ἑτοίμου τοὺς ἐργώνας οὐκ ὀλίγα χρήματα περιεποίησε τῇ πόλει by the simple fact of prompt payment, IPE12.32B35 (Olbia, iii B. C.); “οὐδὲν ἂν παρ᾽ ἕνα ἄνθρωπον ἐγένετο τούτωνLycurg.63, cf. Plb.3.103.2, 18.28.6, al.; οὐδεὶς παρ᾽ ἑαυτόν ἐστι βασιλεύς thanks to himself alone, Aristeas 224; “παρ᾽ αὑτὸν ἀτυχεῖArr.Epict.3.24.2, cf. Phld.Rh.2.16 S.; “παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀπόστασιςHierocl. in CA25p.477M.; εἶναι π. τοῦτο σωτηρίαν τε πόλει καὶ τοὐναντίον, i.e. on this depends . . , Pl.Lg.715d, cf. X.Eq.Mag.1.5, D.C.Fr.36.5; “π. μίαν ἡμέραν καὶ ἓν πρᾶγμα καὶ ἀπόλλυται προκοπὴ καὶ σῴζεταιEpict.Ench.51.2; π. τὸ Ἕλληνά με εἶναι just because I am a Greek, UPZ7.13 (ii B. C.); “π. τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν αὐτήνLXX Ge.29.20, cf. Ex.14.11; later more loosely, because of . . , Phld.Rh.1.158 S., Gem.6.24, etc.; οὐδὲν π. σὲ γέγονε it is no fault of yours, PRyl.243.6 (ii A. D.), cf. POxy.1420.7 (ii A. D.).
8. of a limit of possibility, “εἴπερ ἐνεδέχετο π. τοὺς παρόντας καιρούςD.18.239; πεῖσαι τό γε παρ᾽ αὑτόν to persuade (the judges) so far as in you lies, Arr.Epict.2.2.20; οἴμωζε παρ᾽ ἐμέ as far as I am concerned, for all I care, Ar.Av.846.
D. POSITION: παρά may follow its Subst. in all three cases, but then becomes by anastrophe πάρα: when the ult. is elided, the practice varies, “τῇσι παρ᾽Il.18.400; but Ἡφαίστοιο πάρ᾽ ib.191.
E. παρά abs., as ADV., near, together, Il.1.611, al., E.IA201 (lyr.).
F. πάρα (with anastrophe) stands for πάρεστι and πάρεισι, Il.1.174, Hes.Op.454, A.Pers.167, Hdt.1.42, al., S.El.285, Ar.Ach.862, etc.
G. IN COMPOS.,
II. to the side of, to, παραδίδωμι, παρέχω.
IV. metaph.,
2. of comparison, as in παραβάλλω, παρατίθημι.
4. of a side-issue, παραπόλλυμι. (Cogn. with Goth. faúr 'along', Lat. por-.)
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