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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
ng-bell, if we accept the accounts of Aristotle and Jerome. The earliest distinct account of the diving-bell in Europe is probably that of John Taisnier, quoted in Schott's Technica Curiosa, Nuremberg, 1664, and giving a history of the descent of two Greeks in a diving-bell, in a very large kettle, suspended by rope, mouth downward ; which was in 1538, at Toledo, in Spain, and in the presence of the Emperor Charles V. Beckman cites a print in editions of Vegetius on War, dated in 1511 and 1532, in which the diver is represented in a cap, from which rises a long leather pipe, terminating in an opening which floats above the surface of the water. Dr. Halley, about 1717, made a number of improvements in the diving-bell, and among them a leather cap for the head of the diver, with windows in front for the eyes. This helmet was used by the diver when he left the bell, from which he received a supply of air through a flexible tube. The essential parts of submarine armor consist of
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
of John Williams, 1692, is for an engine for carrying four men 15 fathoms or more under water in the sea, whereby they may work twelve hours together without any danger. It is stated to be useful in raising sunken vessels. It had a submerged chamber, communicating with the surface by a rigid tube, up and down which persons might pass. Projecting sleeves and hooks afforded means for directing grapnels to sunken property. Beckmann mentions a print in Vegetius on War, published in 1511 and 1532, representing a diver with his cap, from which rises a long leather pipe provided with an opening above the surface of the water. Lorini on Fortification, 1607, shows a square box, bound with iron, furnished with windows and a seat for the diver. Kessler in 1617, Witsen in 1671, and Borelli in 1679, gave attention to the subject and contributed to the efficiency of the apparatus. A diving-bell company was formed in England in 1688, and the operators made some sucessful descents on the co
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
s work, and that they were not made with a view to furnishing prints; the figures have their swords, pens, etc., in their left hands in the impressions, instead of the right. Had they been engraved for the purpose of printing, the figures would have been reversed on the plate, so as to print right. Euclid was printed with diagrams on copper in 1482. The copperplate roller-press was invented in 1545. Etching on copper by means of aqua-fortis invented by F. Mazzuoli or Parmegiano, A. D. 1532. Mezzotinto engraving invented by De Siegen, 1643; improved by Prince Rupert, 1648; and by Sir Christopher Wren, 1662. Mr. Evelyn showed me most excellent painting in little [miniature]; in distemper, in Indian incke, water-colours : graveing; and, above all, the whole secret of mezzo-tinto, and the manner of it, which is very pretty, and good things done with it. — Pepys's Diary, Nov. 1, 1665. At Gresham College, the Royal Society meeting, Mr. Hooke explained to Mr. Pepys the art of d
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
cid. Dahlia-paperGreenAlkali. Dahlia-paperRedAcid. Dahlia-paperYellowCaustic alkali. Indigo-paperDecoloredChlorine. Iodine-paperBlueAcid solution of starch. Lead-paperBlackSulphuric hydrogen. Litmus-paper (blue)RedAcid. Litmus-paper (blue)GreenAlkali. Rose-paperGreenAlkali. Starch-paperBlueIodine. Turmeric-paperBrownAlkali. Test-mixer. Test-plate. 1. A finely ruled glass plate used in testing power and defining quality of microscopes. See no-Bert's test-plate, pages 1531, 1532. 2. A glass slip used in stirring tests. Test-pump. Test-pump. A force-pump for testing the strength of boilers, tubes, and other hollow articles by hydraulic pressure. It is provided with a gage for showing the pressure in pounds applied to the square inch. Test-pump. In the apparatus, Fig. 6334, the article to be tested is filled, or nearly so, with water, and connected with the pipe a. The pump b is then put in operation, forcing water through the pipes c a into the b