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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
s 46 B. C., and is said to have appeared more wonderful than the gladiatorial exhibition itself. Afterward, without exhibiting games, Marcellus, the son of Octavia, sister of Augustus, when he was aedile and his uncle consul the eleventh time, on the day before the Kalends of August, July 31, 23 B. C., protected the Forum from the rays of the sun, that the people engaged in lawsuits might stand with less injury to their health. Pliny says: What a change from the manners that prevailed under Cato the Censor, who thought that the Forum should even be strewed with caltrops! Awning. The awnings extended, by the aid of ropes, over the amphitheater of the Emperor Nero, were dyed azure like the heavens, and bespangled with stars. The atrium, or hall of audience, of the Roman houses, had an opening in the middle, which was covered in summer with a red awning. In Fig. 461 the awning is rolled upon a shaft having permanent bearings in the box which assumes an architectural form in t
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
spensed with, the tables being simply laid with their convex sides toward the fire, and suffered to remain until their warp is lost and they become flat. This tree and its uses were known to the Greeks and Romans. In the time of Pliny it was employed for nearly as many purposes as at present; as floats for fishermen's nets, waterproof soles for shoes, buoys for anchors, and for swimming-jackets. The use of cork for stopping bottles was not entirely unknown to the Romans, being mentioned by Cato and Horace, though its application to this purpose does not seem to have been very common, as we find everywhere directions given to close up winecasks and other vessels with pitch, clay, gypsum, or potter's earth, or to fill the upper part of the vessel with oil or honey, in order to exclude the air from those liquors which they wished to preserve. Stoppers of cork seem to have been first introduced after the invention of glass bottles, and these do not appear to have come into use before
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
rtical shaft, is caused to travel; this is provided with a follower, consisting of a wheel having attached toothed arrangements; by this the mixture is, with the addition of water, ground into a pulp, and is drawn off, descending successively into a series of chambers at different levels, until it attains the proper consistency for molding. The mass is then divided into regular and equal prisms by means of a mold, and these are placed on drying-shelves until sufficiently dry for burning. Cato (150 B. C.) gave directions for forming a lime-kiln. He preferred a truncated cone, 10 feet in diameter at the bottom, 20 feet high, and 3 feet diameter at the top. The grate covered the whole bottom; there was a pit below for the ashes, and two furnace-doors, one for drawing out the burnt stone and the other for admitting air and fuel. Lime-light. A light produced by projecting jets of ignited hydrogen and oxygen upon a ball of lime. Invented by Lieutenant Drummond, who first appli
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
d Turk have overrun the land, and the modern Syria is now occupied by a million and a half of people divided, by race or religion, into 16 tribes, who are Ishmaelites in deed and many of them in blood. The Spanish olive-mill (c) is used for crushing that fruit to obtain the oil, which stands instead of butter and lard in a land that once afforded Columella a subject for praise in the conduct and productions of the dairies of Andalusia. The Spain of to-day is not what it was in the time of Cato, nor indeed what it was under the occupancy of the Saracens. It has probably retrograded in health, wealth, morals, productiveness, and in scholastic and executive ability. London remarks, that although the olive is grown in Spain in greater perfection than in Italy, owing to some manorial rights or a system of farming the taxes, all the olives of a district are brought to one place to be ground and pressed; and as each heap has to wait its turn, the olives in many of the heaps become bla
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
sness of the plowman who looked back in the middle of a furrow. Hesiod for himself, and Pliny, quoting from heroic, Stoic Cato the sententious, say, Never stop in a furrow, but drive right on. The same thing is often said in our own day in laying od the land was worth twenty-five years purchase, or twenty-five times its rental. Agriculture declined from the time of Cato to that of Pliny. The best of the memoranda on husbandry compiled by the latter are from Cato and Varro. It revived in tCato and Varro. It revived in the part of Gaul called Rhaetia, where reaping-machines were running in the first century A. D., as recorded by Pliny, and subsequently referred to by Palladius. The latter describes them in his De re rustica, about A. D. 350, as driven by oxen and h and deportation, which are no great improvement and are now the order of the day. The Scotch lord has no more bowels than Cato, who recommended to sell old and diseased slaves. The poorlaw guardians, lacking a market, pay a bonus for their removal,