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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), N. (search)
r to 1781. After the Revolution, the history of newspaper progress becomes identical with that of the nation, the printing-press keeping closely in the van of Anglo-American civilization. The honor of publishing the first paper west of the Alleghanies is claimed for John Scull of Pittsburgh, who, it is stated, founded the Pittsburgh gazette in 1783. The first north of the Ohio River, being the third or fourth west of the Alleghanies, is said to have been the Centinel of the Northwest tthe Alleghanies, is said to have been the Centinel of the Northwest territory, by William Maxwell, 1793. According to De Saint Foix, the earliest French newspaper, called the Gazette de France, was established by Renaudot, a physician, who obtained a royal grant of the exclusive privilege of publishing the same for himself and family. He had previously been in the habit of collecting information and circulating news-sheets among his patients. The first German newspaper was established at Frankfort in 1615. An illustrated war gazette, the Niewtijdinge, pu
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
ction (Fig. 4358) illustrates a plan successfully adopted by Telford on the Glasgow and Carlisle, the Holyhead, and other roads. It consists of a foundation a of paving-stones laid broad end downward on the leveled surface of the natural earth and covered with broken stones b to the depth of about six inches. These wedge in between the interstices of the foundation, forming a smooth and compact surface. c c are ditches, and d d pipe-drains. The National Road from Baltimore, across the Alleghanies and extending to Illinois, is 650 5/8 miles in length and 80 feet in width. It is macadamized for a width of 30 feet. Road-bed. 1. (Railroad-engineering.) The bed or foundation on which the superstructure of a railway rests. The substructure of the way consists of the embankment, bridges, piling, ballast, etc., and supports the superstructure, which consists of the rails, ties, chairs, frogs, crossings, etc. 2. (Civil Engineering.) In common roads, the whole material laid
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
view of an engine manufactured by Woodbury and Booth, Rochester, N. Y. b. A form of engine for drawing carriages on railroads by means of a rope. Until 1829, or thereabout, the question of the comparative economy and efficiency of stationary engines and locomotives was still undeterminate. The success of the Rocket and the counsels of experts determined the question. See rope-Railway. State-room on car. Stationary railroad-engines were long used on the inclined planes of the Alleghanies when the Pennsylvania Railroad followed the Holidaysburg route. They are also used on the Morris and Essex Canal, State of New Jersey, in raising the boats from one level to another. See inclined plane. For a number of years the incline of the London and Birmingham Railway of England, between the out-town and city termini, 1 1/4 miles, was ascended by means of a rope wound upon a cylinder by two stationary engines, at Camden Town. The railway over a part of the Andes to Santi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
eir introduction into England dates from about 1838. Mr. Telford, in his justly famous Menai suspension-bridge, used chains having long links. Wire-rope has since superseded chain in the construction of suspension-bridges. Its manufacture was commenced in Western Pennsylvania, by Mr. John A. Roebling, in 1837, and it was first introduced upon the inclined planes of the Portage Railway, over which the boats of the Pennsylvania Canal, divided into sections, were transported across the Alleghanies. The roads of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company and of the Pennsylvania Coal Company soon adopted them, and heavier ropes of 2 to 2 1/2 inches diameter were then introduced upon the inclined planes of the Morris and Essex Canal in New Jersey. See in-Clined plane. The earliest form of wire-rope was the selvagee rope, consisting of a number of wires laid together parallel, and secured by fine wire wound spirally around the whole. This was covered by woolen list, wrapped around