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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
ose of attack; or the trench or protected road constructed by the besiegers for conveying ordnance, ammunition, and stores, or for marching bodies of men to or from the parallels; in the latter case approaches may be either excavations, with the earth therefrom thrown up as an embankment on the side exposed to the enemy's shot, or they may be formed of sand-bags, gabions, fascines, or anything, in short, which will stop a cannon-ball. The works of this kind constructed during the siege of Sebastopol in 1854 and 1855 are probably without a parallel in modern history, if indeed they were ever equalled in the history of sieges. They embraced seventy miles of sunken trenches, and no less than sixty thousand fascines, eighty thousand gabions, and one million sand-bags were employed to protect the men working in the trenches and at the different batteries. A′pron. 1. A board or leather which conducts material over an opening; as, the grain in a separator, the ore in a buddle or frame
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
lan in 1851 in an attempt to raise the wreck of the United States steamer Missouri, burned and sunk in the Bay of Gibraltar in 1845. He found it ineffectual; the difficulty being, in this case, the bursting of the bags. He tried them again at Sevastopol with the same result. He removed the wreck at Gibraltar Roads by blowing it to pieces by the explosion of loaded cast-iron cylinders inserted beneath the vessel. The charges were ignited by electricity, and the portions of the wreck removed pans of chain falls working from two open-trussed frames supported upon hulks on either side. This gentleman, under a contract with the Russian government afterward, between 1857 and 1862, raised the hulls of the vessels sunk in the harbor of Sevastopol during the siege of that place by the Allies. These were more than 100 in number. The attempt was first made to lift them entirely by means of floating caissons or docks on either side, connected by chains to the hull of the vessel. It was
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
n, Egyptian. San′dal-brick. A local name for imperfectly burnt brick. Sandel, semel, place, pecking brick. Sand-bag. 1. (Fortification.) A canvas sack filled with sand or earth, and used in fortification. Sand-bags are used as a cover for troops, as a revetment for parapets and embrasures. They usually contain a cubic foot of earth. They are extensively used to crown the parapet of earth excavated in sapping. 1,000,000 sand-bags were employed in the offensive works at Sevastopol, principally in the protection for the 70 miles of approaches. 2. A form of ballast for boats. 3. The ballast of a balloon, thrown out to enable the balloon to rise, or to keep its level as gas escapes. 4. A long flannel bag filled with sand, used to stop chinks beneath doors or between sashes. 5. (Sheet-metal Working.) A flat sack filled with sand on which work is supported while being chased. 6. (Engraving.) A similar bag on which the plate is laid and turned about wh
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), Z. (search)
duated vertical semicircle and a level, and a micrometer for measuring the distances between the stars. Ze′nith-tube. Invented by Airy. It is used at Greenwich for stellar observations. Zigzag. 1. (Fortification.) One of the trenches leading toward the besieged works, and communicating between the several parallels. It turns to the right and to the left, but with a general curved course, in such a manner as not to be enfiladed by the guns of the fort. The approaches to Sebastopol, including the zigzags and parallels, embraced 70 miles of sunken trenches, and required no less than 60,000 fascines, 80,000 gabions, and 1,000,000 sandbags, to protect the men working in the trenches and at the different batteries. 2. A winding chute on the face of a dam to enable fish to ascend. A salmon-stair; fishway; fish-ladder. Zinc. Equivalent, 32.5; symbol, Zn.; specific gravity, cast, about 6.8; rolled, 7 to 7.2; fusingpoint, 773° Fah. A rather hard bluish-white met