Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860-65: its Causes, Incidents, and Results: Intended to exhibit especially its moral and political phases with the drift and progress of American opinion respecting human slavery from 1776 to the close of the War for the Union. Volume II.

[372] Col. Shawl, and the 15th Connecticut, Col. Ely, on another, did most of the fighting that was done on our side; the former acting as a rear-guard; but the business in hand was not a fight, but a race — and very properly so. Four miles from Winchester, a Rebel division barred the way; and here the fugitives were of course routed, and many of them captured. Most of those who escaped crossed the Potomac at Hancock, and did not stop running till they brought up in Bedford county, Pennsylvania; the residue headed for Harper's Ferry, and soon distanced their pursuers. Milroy says¹ 5,000 of his men reported at the Ferry or at Bloody Run, Pa., and he hoped that 1,000 more would do so; which hope was of course a delusion. Lee says General Rhodes captured 700 prisoners and 5 guns at Martinsburg, and proceeds to enumerate “more than 4,000 prisoners, 29 guns, 277 wagons, and 400 horses,” as the fruits of “these operations” --probably including in those totals his Martins-burg spoils. Milroy's great mistake was holding on just one day too long — his communications with Schenck and Halleck having already been severed. Halleck had suggested to Schenck the propriety of withdrawing him so early as the 11th. Early is credited by Lee with the capture of Winchester.

Ere this, the Government had taken the alarm, as it well might. An order² from the War Department had constituted of Pennsylvania two new Military Departments — that of the Susquehanna (eastern),under Gen. Couch; that of the Monongahela, Gen. W. T. H. Brooks; and Gov. Curtin had called³ out the entire militia of that State--the call, though loud and shrill, awaking but few and faint responses. Now the President called⁴ specifically on the nearest States for militia, as follows:

Maryland	10,000
Pennsylvania	50,000
New York	20,000
Ohio	30,000
West Virginia	10,000.

The Governors reechoed the call; but the response was still weak. The uniformed and disciplined regiments of New York City generally and promptly went on; and Gov. Seymour was publicly thanked therefore by Secretary Stanton; but the number of Pennsylvanians, Marylanders, and West Virginians, who set their faces resolutely toward the enemy in this crisis bore but a slim proportion to that of their brethren who seemed just now to have urgent business east of the Susquehanna or west of the Ohio. In other words, the country was profoundly disheartened; while the Army had already absorbed what was bravest and most patriotic of its militia. The number who actually responded to these urgent, repeated, and most reasonable calls from the several States was (liberally estimated) as follows:

New York	15,000
New Jersey	3,000
Pennsylvania	25,000
Delaware	2,000
Maryland	5,000.

Gen. Hooker had now begun⁵ to move his army northward-recrossing Howe's division and evacuating the valley of the Rappahannock. Lee had just about a fair week's start of him. Moving rapidly north-westward, with his cavalry thrown well out on his left flank, watching the passes of the Blue Ridge, Hooker's infantry passed through Dumfries,⁶ to Centerville, covering Washington,