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524 AD (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
hes critiques sur l'age et l'originedes Traductions latines D'Arist., Paris, 1819.) His commentaries are of incalculable value for the history of the loaian, Pythagorean, and Eleatic philosophy. Indeed, in every point of view, they are, together with those of JOHANNES PHILOPONUS, the most distinguished of all the works of Greek commentators which have been preserved to us. Almost contemporaneously with them the Roman consular BOETHIUS, the last support of philosophical literature in Italy (A. D. 524), translated some of the writings of Aristotle. The series of the more profound commentators ends with these writers; and after a long interval, the works of Aristotle became a subject of study and explanation among the Arabians and in the West, while among the Greeks scarcely any one else is to be mentioned than JOH. DAMASCENUS and PHOTIUS in the eighth and ninth centuries ; MICHAEL PSELLUS, MICHAEL EPHESIUS in the eleventh century; GEO. PACHYMERES and EUSTRATIUS in the twelfth; LEO MAG
322 BC (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
96.) Certain dogmas of the philosopher were also used for the same object. (Origen. c. Cels. i. p. 51, ed. Hoeschel.) Aristotle, however, knew his danger sufficiently well to withdraw from Athens before his trial. He escaped in the beginning of B. C. 322 to Chalcis in Euboea, where he had relations on his mother's side, and where the Macedonian influence, which was there predominant, afforded him protection and security. In his will also mention is made of some property which he had in Chalcis.y bestowed upon him (Aelian, Ael. VH 14.1), and condemned to death in his absence. Meantime the philosopher continued his studies and lectures in Chalcis for some time longer without molestation. He died in the beginning of August, in the year B. C. 322, a short time before Demosthenes (who died in October of the same year), in the 63rd year of his age, from the effects, not of poison, but of a chronic disorder of the stomach. (Censorin. de Die Nat. 14, extr.; Apollod. apud Diog. Laert. 5.10;
356 BC (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
t philosophy, and looked upon the accomplished man of the world and the clever rhetorician as the true philosophers. On this occasion Aristotle published his first rhetorical writings. That during this time he continued to maintain his connexion with the Macedonian court, is intimated by his going on an embassy to Philip of Macedonia on some business of the Athenians. (D. L. 5.2.) Moreover, we have still the letter in which his royal friend announces to him the birth of his son Alexander. (B. C. 356; Gel. 9.3; Dion Chrysost. Orat. xix.) After the death of Plato, which occurred during the above-mentioned embassy of Aristotle (B. C. 347), the latter left Athens, though we do not exactly know for what reason. Perhaps he was offended by Plato's having appointed Speusippus as his successor in the Academy. (D. L. 5.2, 4.1.) At the same time, it is more probable that, after the notions of the ancient philosophers, he esteemed travels in foreign parts as a necessary completion of his educat
357 BC (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
of the principles of the universe is naturally succeeded by the consideration of the principal parts of it, the heaven, the heavenly bodies, and the elements. There follows accordingly, 2. Concerning the Heaven (peri\ ou)ranou=), in four books The work Concerning the Heaven (peri\ ou)ranou=), in four books, which is entitled peri\ ko/smou by Alexander of Aphrodisias. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. iii. p.230, Harl.) According to an astronomical notice in 1.12, the work was composed after the year B. C. 357. See Keppler, Astron. opt. p. 357; Bailly, Histoire de l'Astronomie, p. 244. 3. on Production and Destruction (peri\ gene/sews kai\ fqora=s, de Generatione et Corruptione), in two books The two books on Production and Destruction, develop the general laws of production and destruction, which are indicated more definitely in the process of formation which goes on in inorganic nature, or in meteorological phaenomena. The consideration of this forms the contents of the 4. on Meteorology
323 BC (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
. (H. N. 30.53.) Nay, even the passage of Pliny has been wrongly understood by the biographers of Aristotle (by Stahr as well, i. p. 139); for, far from regarding Aristotle as guilty of such a crime, the Roman naturalist, who everywhere shews that he cherished the deepest respect for Aristotle, says, on the contrary, just the reverse,--that the rumour had been " mnagna cum infamia Aristotelis excogitatum." The movements which commenced in Grecce against Macedonia after Alexander's death, B. C. 323, endangered also the peace and security of Aristotle, who was regarded as a friend of Macedonia. To bring a political accusation against him was not easy, for Aristotle was so spotless in this respect, that not even his name is mentioned by Demosthenes, or any other contemporary orator, as implicated in those relations. He was accordingly accused of impiety (a)sebei/as) by the hierophant Eurymedon, whose accusation was supported by an Athenian of some note, named Demophilus. Such accusatio
84 BC (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
they were exposed to the ravages of damp and worms. It was not till the beginning of the century before the birth of Christ that a wealthy book-collector, the Athenian Apellicon of Teos, traced out these valuable relics, bought them from the ignorant heirs, and prepared from them a new edition of Aristotle's works, causing the manuscripts to be copied, and filling up the gaps and making emendations, but without sufficient knowledge of what he was about. After the capture of Athens, Sulla in B. C. 84 confiscated Apellicon's collection of books, and had them conveyed to Rome. [APELLICON.] Through this ancient and in itself not incredible story, an error has arisen, which has been handed down from the time of Strabo to the present day. People thought (as did Strabo himself) that they must necessarily conclude from this account, that neither Aristotle nor Theophrastus had published their writings, with the exception of some exoteric works, which had no important bearing on their system;
912 AD (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
stronomical ones, to be rendered into Arabic, chiefly from Greek originals, by translators appointed expressly for the task. Through the last of the Ommaiades, Abd-alrah-man, who escaped to Spain on the downfall of his house in the East, this taste for Greek literature and philosophy was introduced into the West also. Schools and academies, like those at Bagdad, arose in the Spanish cities subject to the Arabs, which continued in constant connexion with the East. Abd-alrahman III. (about A. D. 912) and Hakem established and supported schools and founded libraries; and Cordova became for Europe what Bagdad was for Asia. In Bagdad the celebrated physician and philosopher, Avicenna (1036), and in the West Averrhoes (1198), and his disciple, Moses Maimonides, did most to promote the study of the Aristotelian philosophy by means of translations, or rather free paraphrases, of the philosopher's writings. Through the Spanish Christians and Jews, the knowledge of Aristotle was propagated t
347 BC (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
ded a curb, whereas Xenocrates needed the spur. (D. L. 4.6.) And while he recommended the latter "to sacrifice to the Graces," he appears rather to have warned Aristotle against the " too much." Aristotle lived at Athens for twenty years, till B. C. 347. (Apoll. apud Diog. Laeert. 5.9.) During the whole of this period the good understanding which subsisted between teacher and scholar continued. with some trifling exceptions, undisturbed. For the stories of the disrespect and ingratitude of theer, we have still the letter in which his royal friend announces to him the birth of his son Alexander. (B. C. 356; Gel. 9.3; Dion Chrysost. Orat. xix.) After the death of Plato, which occurred during the above-mentioned embassy of Aristotle (B. C. 347), the latter left Athens, though we do not exactly know for what reason. Perhaps he was offended by Plato's having appointed Speusippus as his successor in the Academy. (D. L. 5.2, 4.1.) At the same time, it is more probable that, after the not
341 BC (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
s, de Generatione et Corruptione), in two books The two books on Production and Destruction, develop the general laws of production and destruction, which are indicated more definitely in the process of formation which goes on in inorganic nature, or in meteorological phaenomena. The consideration of this forms the contents of the 4. on Meteorology (metewrologika/, de Meteoris), in four books. This work, which is distinguished by the clearness and ease of its style, was composed after B. C. 341, and before the time when an acquaintance with India was obtained by Alexander's expedition. (St. Croix, Examen critique des Hist. d'Alex. p. 703; Ideler, Meteorologia vet. Graecor. et Rom., Berol. 1832.) It contains the groundwork of a physical geography. Editions: It has been edited by Ideler, Lips. 1834, 2 vols., with a profuse commentary. This work is commonly followed in the editions by the treatise On the Universe. 5. On the Universe (peri\ ko/smou, de Mundo） This is a letter to
340 BC (search for this): entry aristoteles-bio-2
s, as well as his knowledge of men, was extended. The position in which he stood to Alexander occasioned and favoured several studies and literary works. In his extended researches into natural science, and particularly in his zoological investigations, he received not only from Philip, but in still larger measure from Alexander, the most liberal support, a support which stands unrivalled in the history of civilisation. (Aelian, Ael. VH 5.19; Athen. 9.398e.; Plin. Nat. 8.17.) In the year B. C. 340, Alexander, then scarcely seventeen years of age, was appointed regent by his father, who was about to make an expedition against Byzantium. From that time Aristotle's instruction of the young prince was chiefly restricted to advice and suggestion, which may very possibly have been carried on by means of epistolary correspondence. In the year B. C. 335, soon after Alexander ascended the throne, Aristotle quitted Macedonia for ever, and returned to Athens * The story that Aristotle accomp
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