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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
ack of the fireplace sloping outwards, as it rises into the thickness of the wall, until it reaches a loophole on the outside, where the smoke finds an exit. The cut shows an elevation and a section of this fireplace, in which A is the floor of the room, E the mantel, and C the loop-hole. In other castles erected about the same period, the hearth was formed in the thickness of the wall, and the conical smoke-tunnel ended in a loop-hole, as at Conisborough Castle. Winwall House, in Norfolk, England, is of the Anglo-Norman period, has recessed hearths and flues rising from them, carried up in the external and internal walls. It was built in the twelfth century. Rochester, Kenilworth, and Conway Castles, Great Britain, show chimneys similar to that in Conisborough Castle. A chimney in Bolton Castle, erected in the reign of Richard II., 1377-1399, has a chimney thus described by Leland: — One thynge I muche notyd in the hawle of Bolton, finiched or kynge Richard the 2 dyed
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
line colors, and fixing them by fire, was practiced by the Egyptians and Etruscans on pottery, and passed from them to the Greeks and Romans. Enameling was also practiced among the Chinese. Specimens of enameled work are yet extant of early British, Saxon, and Norman manufacture. An enameled jewel, made by order of Alfred the Great, A. D. 887, was discovered in Somersetshire, England, and is preserved at Oxford. An enameled gold cup was presented by King John to the corporation of Lynn, Norfolk, and is yet preserved. Luca della Robbia, born about 1410, applied tin enamel to pottery, and excelled in the art. Bernard Palissy, the Huguenot potter, born about 1500, devoted many years to the discovery and application of enamels of various colors to pottery. He was remarkably successful in true copies of natural objects. His method died with him. He died in 1589, in prison, for consciencea sake. John Petitot, of Geneva (1607 – 91), is regarded as one of the first to excel in
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
it, and then draws the leg briskly up and down several times against the projecting lateral edge and veins of the wing-cover. From a ballad of the fourteenth century, or thereabouts, cited in Watson's History of English poems, occurs, — Syre Ladore latte made a feste That was fair and honeste, With his lord the kynge; Ther was much minstralse, Trompus, tabors, and santre, Both harp and fydyllynge. A monumental brass of the same period in St. Margaret's Church, King's Lynn, Norfolk, England, shows the musicians at a peacock feast; one has a four-stringed fiddle, another a six-stringed cithern. 2. (Husbandry.) A wooden bar about 11 feet long, attached by ropes at its ends to the traces of a horse, and used to drag loose straw or hay on the ground, or hay-cocks to the place of stacking. A rope or grape-vine answers very well for the latter purpose. 3. (Nautical.) A frame of bars and strings, to keep things from rolling off the cabin table in bad weather. Fid′dl
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
rst invention was a kind of plow, with drill attached, for sowing wheat and turnips in three rows at a time; it consisted of two seed-boxes with a colter attached to each, and following each other; behind them followed a harrow to cover in the seed. His object in having two separate deposits of seed, and at different depths, was that they might not sprout at the same time, and so perhaps escape the ravages of the fly; he also invented a turnip-drill. About 1790, Baldwin and Wells of Norfolk, England, contrived several ingenious improvements to the machine, the first of which was in making a sliding axletree, by which the carriage-wheel could be extended when necessary to the width of the stitches (lands), and so enable another box with cups and more colters to be used. A drill containing fourteen colters could be thus enlarged to contain eighteen, or even twenty. They also constructed self-regulating levers, to which the colters were attached; by hanging each colter on a separa
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
trying it fifty years to make sure it was all right, are prepared to pay on demand. At the latter end of the eighteenth century, the level lands of Herefordshire and Radnorshire, Great Britain, were turned by plows which were rigged with wheels to obviate the necessity of a plowman. As usual at that time, the horses were hitched tandem, one ahead of the other, to the extent of three or four. A publication of that day (Housman's Travels, 1799) compares it with the superior husbandry of Norfolk. where horses were hitched abreast. The same writer states as follows:--- I to-day observed a farmer sowing wheat near Abergavenny; a yoke of eight oxen were drawing one plow, attended by two men, one to drive the cattle and the other to manage the plow. Another yoke of eight oxen were drove up and down the ridges after plowing, in order to sodden or compress the earth. — an unnecessary operation. The farmer valued these oxen at £ 11 each, one with another. Their motion was extremel